Colonization 1500 – 1763

1. Colonization1500 – 1763 Chapters 1-3

2. Today’s Conquests: • Identify the primary nations that colonized North America and their objectives. • State England’s process and chronological order of establishing colonies. • Explain the religious, political, economical, and social structures in the south, north, and middle colonies. • Analyze differences between the three regions.

3. Age of Exploration • Impacted by the Renaissance • Europe began exploration due to needs in trade and new technological tools. • In the Age of Exploration, three European powers fought for control of North America: • Spain • Focused on exploitation of Indian wealth • France • Focused on fur trade • England • Late comer to the colonial game

4. The Main Players • All three powers set up colonies: • Santa Fe, 1610 Spain • Quebec, 1608 France • Jamestown, 1607 England • And thus the inevitable… • …power struggle in North America.

5. Elizabethan England • Protestant Elizabeth begins warring with Catholic Spain: • Spanish Armada defeat in 1588 • Rule Britannia! • Left with a sense of national destiny • Population looks to branch out

6. Why Leave England? • Population increase in Britain • Enclosure movement • Primogeniture – first-born sons gets everything • Religious freedom – Puritans and separatists • Economic opportunity –a) based on Spanish wealth b) Jamestown • Joint-stock companies facilitated exploration • Dumping unwanted people - Georgia

7. Jamestown Beginnings • Virginia Company • Charter guaranteed same rights as Englishmen. • Landed in May 1607 – approx. 100 men • Death was rampant • Men would not work • 1608 Capt. John Smith took over • Must work to eat • Decent relations with the Indians • In 1609 Smith returns to England • “Starving time” winter of 1609-1610 John Smith

8. Jamestown Takes Root • In 1612 John Rolfe perfected methods for growing tobacco. • By 1616 tobacco was a staple export. • Impact of tobacco on Virginia: • Ruinous to the soil • Enchained the fortunes of Virginia to one crop • Demand for labor to work the plantations • First indentured servants, then the first Africans arrive in 1619 • Clashes with the Indians • Anglo-Powhatan War

9. Self-Rule Precedent • House of Burgesses founded in 1619 • Causes suspicion by James I • Revokes charter and makes a royal colony

11. The Southern Colonies • Plantation agriculture • Indentured and slave labor • Strong economic and social hierarchies • Widely scattered populations • Focus on profit • Poor relations with Indians

12. Lord Baltimore Maryland • The fourth colony founded (second plantation colony) • In 1634 by Lord Baltimore as a “Catholic Haven.” • Large tracts of land were given to Catholics, but Protestants were also welcome. • Maryland Toleration Act (1649) decreed religious freedom for all except Jews and atheists. • The colony prospered thanks to tobacco. • Initially depended upon indentured servants.

13. Carolina • In 1663 Carolina was named after King Charles II • The king gave 8 proprietors the rights to the colony, but they focused on the southern part • In 1670 Charleston was founded • Aristocratic flavor • North part of Carolina had many squatters • They were rough and rugged and defied authority • In 1691 the northern region was recognized by the crown and called North Carolina • 1712 the Carolinas separated and in 1729 South Carolina became a Royal colony • In 1690s rice was introduced and became the staple crop.

14. Georgia • Philanthropic experiment, founded by James Oglethorpe in 1733 – the last colony • Said it was intended as a buffer between the French in Louisiana and Spanish in Florida – constant struggles. • Was really a refuge for English debtors • All Christians (except Catholics) enjoyed religious freedom • Missionaries, including John Wesley, tried to convert the Indians.

16. The Northern Colonies • Shaped by religious and political turmoil • Social order based on family and towns • Minimal diversity • Mostly founded on religious devotion • Town Hall Meetings

17. Religious Dissention • Some factions look to escape Henry VIII’s Anglican Church. • Puritans • Separatists (are kicked out of England and move to Holland) • A group of Separatists negotiated with the Virginia Company to come to the colonies • Is that… legal?

18. Founding Plymouth • 1620: Pilgrims (Separatists) founded Plymouth off the coast of New England – become squatters • Agreed upon the Mayflower Compact • Hard working and determined • In 1691 Plymouth merged with the Massachusetts Bay Colony

19. Mass. Bay Colony • In 1629 Puritans gained a royal charter to settle in the New World • Thrived on fishing, furs, and ship building • Offers were extended to all males who were “freemen” and who belonged to Puritan churches • Had to be part of the church to vote • Strict religious beliefs keep other views out • Quakers • Anne Hutchinson • Roger Williams

20. The land of outcasts – “Rogues Island” People who settled there were not necessarily similar, just not wanted elsewhere It secured a charter in 1644 which: recognized freedom of religion accepted a separation of church and state no taxes to support the church no compulsory church attendance Rhode Island

21. Thomas Hooker Connecticut • In 1635 Hartford was founded by Rev. Thomas Hooker • The settlers were Puritans • In 1639 they drafted the Fundamental Orders- a modern constitution and the first written constitution in the colonies

22. New Hampshire • John Mason left rigid Massachusetts for New Hampshire • In 1641 New Hampshire was absorbed by Massachusetts • In 1679 it was separated and made a royal colony

24. Middle Colonies • Rivers helped trading • Industry grew • Moderate socially • More ethnically mixed • Cultural and religious diversity • Desirable land • Smaller farms • Better Indian relations

25. New York • Dutch East India Company hired Henry Hudson for exploration. • Sailed down the Hudson River and claimed area for the Dutch • Dutch West India Company founded New Netherland and purchased Manhattan Island from the Indians (trinkets) • Strong aristocratic vibe with the help of patroonships (purely economic interest) • Charles II granted the area to his brother, the Duke of York. • Easily removed the Dutch

26. William Penn Pennsylvania • In 1681 William Penn received a massive land grant from the king • Sympathetic to the Quakers • Well advertised – “forward looking spirits & substantial citizens” • Welcomed all people • Treated Indians with respect • Non-Quakers were violent against Indians • Grew quickly - #2 to Virginia in wealth and population by 1700

27. New Jersey & Delaware • New Jersey • Started in 1644 by two nobles who were granted the land from the Duke of York. • Many moved for new soil • Delaware • Under the governor of Pennsylvania until the American Revolution