Green Chemistry, Green Engineering, and Sustainability

1. Green Chemistry, Green Engineering, and Sustainability Martin A. Abraham Dean College of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics Youngstown State University Youngstown, OH 44555 Phone: 330.941.3009 email: martin.abraham@ysu.edu

2. Engineers create goods for society An engineer is a person whose job is to design or build • Machines • Engines or electrical equipment, • Roads, railways or bridges, using scientific principles. Raw materials Energy Gasoline and other fuels Plastics Household products Wastewater Air pollutants The manufacture of products that society desires is accompanied by the production of wastes, some of which cannot be avoided.

3. Engineering has lead to substantial productivity growth • Affluence (3% income growth for last 100 years = Factor 20!) • Leisure - Factor 4: Doubled life expectancy with half the working time • Unprecedented quality and variety of products • Unprecedented material use • Unprecedented environmental impacts • Global Change Paradox 1:We need green engineers to solve the problems created by the success of engineering Arnulf Grubler; ECI Green Engineering Conference, Sandestin, FL, May 2003

4. Sustainability Ecosystems Human Heath Green Engineering Lifecycle Systems Metrics Green Chemistry Reactions, catalysts Solvents Thermodynamics Toxicology Green Chemistry Sustainability, Green Engineering & Green Chemistry Sustainability Green Engineering

5. P2 Hierarchy Source reduction Reuse or recycle Energy recovery Waste treatment Secure disposal Green Engineering (EPA Definition) • The design, commercialization and use of processes & products that are feasible & economical while minimizing: • Generation of pollution at the source • Risk to human health & the environment • Decisions to protect human health and the environment have the greatest impact and cost effectiveness when applied early to the design and development phase.

6. Green Engineering … • develops and implements technologically and economically viable products, processes, and systems. • transforms existing engineering disciplines and practices to those that promote sustainability.  • incorporates environmental issues as a criterion in engineering solutions • promote human welfare • protect human health • protection of the biosphere. From the SanDestin Conference on Green Engineering: Defining the Principles.

7. Sustainability is … "..development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs" World Commission on the Environment and Development A view of community that shows the links among its three parts: the economic part, the social part and the environmental part.

8. SanDestin Principles on Sustainable Engineering • Engineer processes and products holistically, use systems analysis, and integrate environmental impact assessment tools. • Conserve and improve natural ecosystems while protecting human health and well-being. • Use life cycle thinking in all engineering activities. • Ensure that all material and energy inputs and outputs are as inherently safe and benign as possible.  • Minimize depletion of natural resources.  • Strive to prevent waste. • Develop and apply engineering solutions, while being cognizant of local geography, aspirations and cultures. • Create engineering solutions beyond current or dominant technologies; improve, innovate and invent (technologies) to achieve sustainability. • Actively engage communities and stakeholders in development of engineering solutions. From the SanDestin Conference on Green Engineering: Defining the Principles.

9. Sustainability is a systems problem

10. Consider the Total Life Cycle Use of products Processes Products Extraction of Raw Materials Recycling Disposal

11. Data Collection and Evaluation Hazard Assessment Exposure Assessment Risk Characterization Risk Assessment • Risk is the probability of suffering harm or loss • Risk assessment can be applied to processes and products: • estimate the environmental impacts of specific chemicals on people and ecosystems; • prioritize chemicals that need to be minimized or eliminated. • optimize design to avoid or reduce environmental impacts; • assess feed and recycle streams based on risk and not volume.

12. Metrics – What can be measured • Mass utilization • Material intensity (Mass in product/Mass in raw materials) • Atom economy • Potential environmental impact • Energy utilization • Energy intensity (per amount of product) • Materials consumed to produce required energy • Sustainability metrics • Eco-efficiency (Economic indicator/Environmental indicator) • Ecological footprint

13. Sustainability Metrics: Calculations Materials Pollutant Dispersion Water Consumption Toxics Dispersion Land Use Energy Output: Mass of Product or Sales Revenue or Value-added

14. Environmental Economic Dimensions of Sustainability Societal Fate Supply Production Use Life Cycle Stages The Sustainability Framework Lenses Resources Values Place Time Adapted from BRIDGES to Sustainability, courtesy of Earl Beaver

15. Parameters considered Ecological footprint Ecological advantage • Raw Materials • Energy consumption • Land Use • Emissions • Toxicity • Risk potential Relative environmental impact Energy Consumption 1.00 Land Use Emissions High 0.50 Product 2 0.00 BASF Raw Materials Toxicity Potential Product 1 Risk Potential Low Development of Ecological Value

16. Business Strategy SD alignment with biz strategy & core value, core competencies, market & regulatory drivers Business Perspective Management Internal process, value-chain partnership, stakeholder engagement Resource Use Energy use, material intensity, water use, land use Environ- mental EnvironmentalImpact GHG emissions, air emissions, solid waste, (pollutant effects) Health & Safety Toxic reduction, hazards, process safety Social Societal Impact Workers’ well-being, local community impacts/QOL, global societal impacts/contributions Economic Impact Financials along value-chain (corporate, customers, …) Econ. Sustainability Considerations

17. Strategic Commitment 7 Environmental Performance 6 5 Safety Performance 4 3 2 1 0 Social Responsibility Product Stewardship Value Chain Management Sustainability Innovation Net Revenue > $10 Billion USD Net Revenue < $10 Billion USD AIChE Sustainability Index for the Chemical Industry • The AIChE Sustainability Index will serve as the premier technically informed benchmark for companies to measure their progress implementing sustainability. • The index is generated from publicly available data and the results will be subject to public scrutiny.

18. Types of Costs Cost Type Description Examples Future Current More Difficult to Measure

19. Types of Benefits Benefit Type Description Examples More Difficult to Measure Future Current

20. Sustainable Energy?? • Twentieth century humans used 10 times more energy than their ancestors had in the 1000 years preceding 1900 • 71 % increase by 2030 • World Energy Consumption Distribution • 80 % Fossil fuel • 14 % Renewable (solar, wind, biomass, etc) • 6 % Nuclear http://www.elmia.se/worldbioenergy/pdf/Mr%20Nystrom%20presentation.pdf

21. 1 wedge = 1 GtC per yr avoided (3.7 GtCO2 per yr) 25 billion tons C (GtC) avoided (91.7 GtCO2) 50 years 2006 2056 Stabilization Wedges Business As Usual • Global scope • 50-year time horizon • Simple shapes (e.g. triangles) • Existing technologies with large potential (1 billion tons carbon per year after 50 years) • Goal of level emissions, followed by decrease Wedges Source: Pacala and Socolow (Science 305, 968-972, 2004)

22. Solid-State Lighting…An example of environmental benefits Brighter, cheaper, more efficient • Doubling the average luminous efficacy of white lighting through the use of solid-state lighting would potentially: • Decrease by 50% the global amount of electricity used for lighting. • Decrease by 10% the total global consumption of electricity (projected to be about 1.8 TW-hr/year, or $120B/year, by the year 2025). • Free over 250 GW of electric generating capacity for other uses, saving about $100B in construction costs. • Reduce projected 2025 global carbon emissions by about 300 Mtons/year. lighting.sandia.gov

23. CO2 Chemical Industry Consumer Bio- refinery Biomass carbohydrates Renewable resources • Widely available resources • Bioproducts (e.g. sugar, corn) • Inedible biomass • Waste products, such as cheese whey • Municipal waste • Opportunities include: • Chemicals production • Bio-composites • Energy (e.g. methanol, biodiesel, H2)

24. Understanding the energy impact of biomass conversion

25. Moving towards sustainability