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Ecosystems and Human Interferences

Ecosystems and Human Interferences. Chapter 48. Outline. Biotic Components Autotrophs Heterotrophs Energy Flow Ecological Pyramids Biogeochemical Cycles Hydrologic Cycle Carbon Cycle Nitrogen Cycle Phosphorus Cycle. Nature of Ecosystems.

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Ecosystems and Human Interferences

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  1. Ecosystems and Human Interferences Chapter 48 Mader: Biology 8th Ed.

  2. Outline • Biotic Components • Autotrophs • Heterotrophs • Energy Flow • Ecological Pyramids • Biogeochemical Cycles • Hydrologic Cycle • Carbon Cycle • Nitrogen Cycle • Phosphorus Cycle Mader: Biology 8th Ed.

  3. Nature of Ecosystems • Biosphere is part of the atmosphere, hydrosphere, and lithosphere that contains living organisms. • An ecosystem where organisms interact. • Ecosystems characterized by: • One-Way flow of energy. • Cycle of materials from abiotic environment through biotic community. Mader: Biology 8th Ed.

  4. Biotic Components • Autotrophs • Require only inorganic nutrients and an outside energy source to produce organic nutrients. • Producers • Photoautotrophs • Chemoautrophs. Mader: Biology 8th Ed.

  5. Heterotrophs • Heterotrophs need a preformed source of organic nutrients. • Consumers • Herbivores - Feed on plants. • Carnivores - Feed on other animals. • Omnivores - Feed on plants and animals. • Decomposers are heterotrophic bacteria and fungi that break down dead organic matter. Mader: Biology 8th Ed.

  6. Biotic Components Mader: Biology 8th Ed.

  7. Energy Flow and Chemical Cycling • Energy flow occurs because as nutrients pass from one population to another, all the energy content is converted to heat, which dissipates into the environment. • Chemicals cycle as organic nutrients are returned to the producers. • Excretion • Death • Cellular Respiration Mader: Biology 8th Ed.

  8. Energy Balances Mader: Biology 8th Ed.

  9. Energy Flow • Food Web - Interconnecting paths of energy flow describing trophic relationships. Mader: Biology 8th Ed.

  10. Ecological Pyramids • A trophic level is composed of all the organisms that feed at a particular link in a food chain. • In general, only about 10% of the energy of one trophic level is available to the next trophic level. • Explains why few carnivores can be supported in a food web. Mader: Biology 8th Ed.

  11. Ecological Pyramid Mader: Biology 8th Ed.

  12. Global Biogeochemical Cycles • Chemical cycling may involve: • Reservoir - Source normally unavailable to producers. • Fossil Fuels - Minerals - Sediments • Exchange Pool - Source from which organisms generally take chemicals. • Atmosphere - Soil - Water • Biotic Community - Chemicals move along food chains, perhaps never entering a pool. Mader: Biology 8th Ed.

  13. Hydrologic Cycle • Fresh water evaporates from bodies of water. • Precipitation on land enters the ground, surface waters, or aquifers. • Water eventually returns to the oceans. Mader: Biology 8th Ed.

  14. Hydrologic Cycle Mader: Biology 8th Ed.

  15. Carbon Cycle • Atmosphere is an exchange pool for carbon dioxide. • Fossil fuel combustion has increased the total amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. • Transfer Rate Mader: Biology 8th Ed.

  16. Carbon Cycle Mader: Biology 8th Ed.

  17. Greenhouse Effect • Greenhouse gases allow solar radiation to pass through atmosphere but trap heat (infrared radiation) from escaping. • Carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, methane • If Earth’s temperature rises, more water will evaporate, forming more clouds and setting up a potential positive feedback loop. Mader: Biology 8th Ed.

  18. Earth’s Radiation Balances Mader: Biology 8th Ed.

  19. Nitrogen Cycle • Atmospheric nitrogen is fixed by bacteria in order to make it available to plants. • Nodules on legume roots. • Nitrification - Production of nitrates. • Denitrification - Conversion of nitrate to nitrous oxide and nitrogen gas. • Balances nitrogen fixation. Mader: Biology 8th Ed.

  20. The Nitrogen Cycle Mader: Biology 8th Ed.

  21. Nitrogen and Air Pollution • Acid Deposition • Nitrogen oxides and sulfur dioxide are converted to acids when they combine with water vapor. Mader: Biology 8th Ed.

  22. Thermal Inversion Mader: Biology 8th Ed.

  23. Phosphorus Cycle • Phosphorus does not enter the atmosphere. • Sedimentary cycle. • Phosphate taken up by producers incorporated into a variety of organic molecules. • Can lead to water eutrophication. • Biomagnification Mader: Biology 8th Ed.

  24. Phosphorus Cycle Mader: Biology 8th Ed.

  25. Sources of Water Pollution Mader: Biology 8th Ed.

  26. Review • Biotic Components • Autotrophs • Heterotrophs • Energy Flow • Ecological Pyramids • Biogeochemical Cycles • Hydrologic Cycle • Carbon Cycle • Nitrogen Cycle • Phosphorus Cycle Mader: Biology 8th Ed.

  27. Mader: Biology 8th Ed.

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