The Plan to Develop Laser Fusion Energy

1. The Plan to Develop Laser Fusion Energy John Sethian Naval Research Laboratory July 19, 2002

2. Lasers and direct drive targets can lead to an attractive power plant… Electricity Generator Target factory Dry wall (passive) chamber Modular Laser Array Final optics Spherical target Modular, separable parts: lower development costs, economical upgrades Targets are simple spherical shells: “fuel” lends itself to automated production Pursuing dry wall (passive) chamber because of simplicity. Others possible Past power plant studies have shown concept economically attractive

3. We are developing Laser IFE as an integrated system.( 8 Government labs, 7 Universities, 8 Private Industries) Target factory Lasers Lasers KrF: NRL Titan PSD, SAIC, PPPL, Georgia Tech, Commonwealth Tech DPSSL: LLNL Crystal Systems, Litton, Onyx Corp, Northrup, UR/LLE Target Fabrication Target Fabrication GA: Fab, charac, mass production LANL: Adv foams SCHAFER: DvB foams Target Injection Target Injection GA: Injector, Injection & Tracking LANL: DT mech prop, thermal resp. Direct Drive Target Design Direct Drive Target Design NRL- Target design LLNL: Yield spectrum, design Chambers and Materials Chambers & Materials WISCONSIN: Yield spectrum / Chambers LLNL: Alt chamber concepts, materials UCSD/ANL/INEEL: Chamber dynamics SNL: Materials response x-rays/ions ORNL/UCLA/UCSB/Wisconsin: Materials Final Optics Final Optics LLNL: X-rays, ions, neutrons UCSD: Laser, debris mitigation

4. The program capitalizes on two main thrusts in DOE Fusion Program (Office of Science): System studies (ARIES) Blanket/Breeders Materials Threats to wall (ELM) ICF Program (NNSA/Defense Programs): Single shot lasers Ignition Target Design Target experiments Single Shot Target fab Laser Fusion Energy (HAPL) Program Rep-Rate Lasers High Gain Target Design & Experiments Mass Production of Targets Target Injection Final Optics Chambers

5. We are following a three phase program to develop Laser Fusion Energy ? ?  2-3 MJ, 60 laser beam lines  High gain target implosions  Optimize chamber materials & components.  Generate  300 MW electricity from fusion Phase III Engineering Test Facility start 2014, operating 2020 Establish: Target physics, Full scale Laser technology, Power Plant design •  Laser facility -full energy beam line hits injected targets •  Target facility- inject targets into chamber environment • Power Plant Design • Material Development • Target Design-II • 3D Modeling • High energy (MJ) NIF exp Phase II Integrated Research Experiments and more start 2006 Develop Viable: Target designs, scalable laser tech, target fab/ injection, final optics, chamber Other Comp  target fabrication  target injection  final optics  Chamber/materials • Target Design-I • 2D/3D Modeling • Nike, Omega experiments Lasers  Electra KrF  Mercury DPPSL Phase I: Establish science and technology Start 1999

6. Phase I R&D areas • Lasers • Final Optics • Chambers • Target Fabrication • Target Injection/Tracking • Target Design and Experiments

7. Develop technologies that can meet fusion energy requirements for efficiency (> 6%), repetition rate (5-10 Hz), and durability (> 100,000,000 shots continuous). • Demonstrate required laser beam quality and pulse shaping • Laser technologies employed must scale to reactor size laser modules and projected to have attractive costs for commercial fusion energy. Lasers Phase I Goals DPSSL (Mercury-LLNL) KrF Laser (Electra-NRL) Developed: 160 kW diode arrays Large, high quality crystals Gas cooling of amplifier head 12 J laser light! Developed: First Generation Pulsed Power High transmission e-beam window Advanced Solid State Switch KrF Kinetics Code

8. 85° Laser Final Optic Phase I Goals • Meet laser induced damage threshold (LIDT) requirements of more than 5 Joules/cm2, in large area optics. • Develop a credible final optics design that is resistant to degradation from neutrons, x-rays, gamma rays, debris, contamination, and energetic ions. Established high damage threshold for grazing incidence aluminum mirror stiff, lightweight, cooled, neutron transparent substrate Desired 5 J/cm2 Also investigating fused silica UCSD

9. Develop a viable first wall concept for a fusion power plant. • Produce a viable “point design” for a fusion power plant Chambers Phase I Goals Establishing a chamber operating window… Portfolio of solutions has been identified, experimental evaluations underway. Long term material issues are being resolved. EXAMPLE: Tungsten wall No gas in chamber 154 MJ NRL target R. Raffray, UCSD Example- Ion exposures on RHEPP UCSD Wisconsin SNL ORNL LLNL UCSD UCSD Wisconsin

10. There is significant commonality in IFE and MFE chamber requirements Frequency and energy density of ELM’s and IFE conditions are within about one order of magnitude Adapted from R. Raffray, UCSD

11. Target Fabrication Phase I Goals • Develop mass production methods to fabricate cryogenic DT targets that meet the requirements of the target design codes and chamber design. Includes characterization. • Combine these methods with established mass production costing models to show targets cost will be less than $0.25. Developed thin Au/Pd coatings with high DT permeability and IR reflectivity. Targets $0.16 each from chemical process plant methodology Established chemistry for foam shells Schafer Corp General Atomics General Atomics

12. Expansion Tanks Sabot Deflector Turbo Pumps Target Position Detectors Target Catcher Gun Barrel Revolver Chamber Target Injection / Tracking Phase I Goals • Build an injector that accelerates targets the equivalent distance of the chamber (6.5 m) in less than 60 milliseconds. • Demonstrate target tracking with sufficient accuracy for a power plant (+/- 20 microns). • Started Construction of Gas Driven Target Injector • Demonstrated Concept of Separable Sabot • Determining needed properties of DT General Atomics, LANL

13. Develop credible target designs, using 2D and 3D modeling, that have sufficient gain (> 100) + stability for fusion energy. • Benchmark underlying codes with experiments on Nike & Omega • Integrate design into needs of target fab, injection and reactor chamber. Target Design Phase I Goals Omega facility UR/LLE Nike KrF Laser NRL Integrated high-resolution 2-D Modeling, through burn NRL NRL and LLNL are collaborating to evaluate a broad suite of target designs

14. 1-D Pellet Gain > 100, sufficient for Energy 4.0 MJ KrF laser Gain 1.48 MJ KrF laser 200 150 0 0 500 500 1000 1000 1500 1500 0 0 100 Pd thickness (Angstroms) 50 0 Example of Integration of requirements:High-Z outer layer helps laser-target interaction physics and helps protect target during injection. Experiment shows 1200 Å Pd outer layer substantially reduces laser imprint Could add unfilled CH foam insulation underneath High Z layer for insulation during injection

15. Goals for Laser IFE Phase II- (Page 1/2) Overall Objective: Establish Science & Technology to build Engineering Test Facility 1. Laser Facility Lasers: Build a full-scale (power plant sized) laser beam line using the best laser choice to emerge from Phase I: (KrF: 50-100 kJ) (DPPSL: 4-12 kJ) The beam line will demonstrate all the fusion energy requirements, including efficiency, rep-rate, durability, and cost basis Final optics/target injection: Demonstrate the full scale beam line can be steered to hit a target that is repetitively injected into a chamber, with the required precision and optics LIDT durability. Chamber Dynamics: Evaluate chamber clearing models: “Mini Chamber” Chamber materials:Study candidate wall and/or optics materials

16. Goals for Laser IFE Phase II – (Page 2/2) 2. Target Facility Target fabrication: Demonstrate “batch mode” mass production of fusion class targets. Target Injection: Demonstrate repetitive injection of above targets into a simulated fusion chamber environment. And the target survives. 3. Power Plant Design   Produce a credible design for a power plant that meets the technical and economic requirements for commercial power. 4. Chamber and final optics: Evaluate candidate materials/structures in a non-fusion environment. 5. Target Physics: Modeling: Integrated high-resolution 3D target modeling. Experiments: Validate design codes with target physics experiments at fusion scale energies single shot (e.g. NIF) and at lower energies on a rep-rate facility.

17. The Laser Fusion Energy Program Lasers and direct drive targets can lead to an attractive power plant. We are developing Laser IFE as an integrated system: Lasers, target design, target fabrication, final optics, chambers The program capitalizes on two main thrusts in DOE: ICF Program (NNSA/Defense Programs): Lasers, Target design, Target Fabrication Fusion Program (Office of Science): Fusion materials/components, power plant studies We have made significant advances in all areas: Lasers, target design, target fabrication, final optics, chambers We are pursuing a three phase program to develop Laser Fusion Energy Must meet specific goals before going to next phase