Chapter 13 Emotion Phineas gage theories of emotion

1. Chapter 13 Emotion Phineas gage theories of emotion

2. Theories of Emotion • Does your heart pound because you are afraid... or are you afraid because you feel your heart pounding?

3. Emotion • William James and Carl Lange came up with the James-Lange Theory of Emotion. • We feel emotion because of biological changes caused by stress. • The body changes and our mind recognizes the feeling.

7. Sight of oncoming car (perception of stimulus)‏ Pounding heart (arousal)‏ Fear (emotion)‏ James-Lange Theory of Emotion • Experience of emotion is awareness of physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli

8. James-Lange (cont.) • Subjects report feeling more sad when viewing scenes of war, sickness, and starvation if their “sad face” muscles are activated. • They also find comic strips funnier if their “happy face” muscles are activated.

9. Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion • The physiological change and cognitive awareness must occur simultaneously. • They believed it was the thalamus that helped this happen.

10. Pounding heart (arousal)‏ Sight of oncoming car (perception of stimulus)‏ Fear (emotion)‏ Cannon-BardTheory of Emotion • Emotion-arousing stimuli simultaneously trigger: • physiological responses • subjective experience of emotion

13. Two-Factor Theory of Emotionhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e2qdvELqskc • Stanley Schachter explains emotions more completely that the other two theories. • They happen at the same time but… • People who are already physiologically aroused experience more intense emotions than unaroused people when both groups are exposed to the same stimuli. • Biology and Cognition interact with each other to increase the experience.

17. Pounding heart (arousal)‏ Sight of oncoming car (perception of stimulus)‏ Fear (emotion)‏ Cognitive label “I’m afraid” Schachter’s Two Factor Theory of Emotion • To experience emotion one must: • be physically aroused • cognitively label the arousal

18. Schachter’s Two-Factor Epinephrine Study:

19. Autonomic nervous system controls physiological arousal Sympathetic division (arousing)‏ Pupils dilate Decreases Perspires Increases Accelerates Inhibits Secrete stress hormones Parasympathetic division (calming)‏ Pupils contract Increases Dries Decreases Slows Activates Decreases secretion of stress hormones EYES SALIVATION SKIN RESPIRATION HEART DIGESTION ADRENAL GLANDS Emotional Arousalhttp://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/fight-or-flight-response.html#lesson

20. Arousal and Performance Yerkes-Dodson Law • Performance peaks at lower levels of arousal for difficult tasks, and at higher levels for easy or well-learned tasks Performance level Difficult tasks Easy tasks Low Arousal High

21. TASK MOTIVATIONAL LEVEL easy high moderate moderate difficult low Yerkes Dodson Law: What type of motivational level do you need??

22. Arousal Theory • We are motivated to seek an optimum level of arousal. • Yerkes-Dodson Law

23. Expressing Emotion Smiles can show different emotions: A) Mask anger B) Overly polite C) Soften criticism D) Reluctant compliance

24. Experienced Emotion - Fear • Learning Fear • Observation / Experience • Genetic / Evolutionary Predispositions? • Biology of Fear • Amygdala – emotions of fear • Hippocampus – memory of fear

25. Expressed Emotion • People more speedily detect an angry face than a happy one (Ohman, 2001a)

26. Expressing EmotionHow good are you at detecting emotions? • Culturally universal expressions

27. Experiencing Emotionhttp://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/categorizing-emotions.html • The Amygdala-a neural key to fear learning

28. Experiencing Emotion • Catharsis • emotional release • catharsis hypothesis • “releasing” aggressive energy (through action or fantasy) relieves aggressive urges • Feel-good, do-good phenomenon • people’s tendency to be helpful when already in a good mood

29. $20,000 $19,000 $18,000 $17,000 $16,000 $15,000 $14,000 $13,000 $12,000 $11,000 $10,000 $9,000 $8,000 $7,000 $6,000 $5,000 $4,000 Average per-person after-tax income in 1995 dollars 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Percentage describing themselves as very happy Personal income Percentage very happy 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 Year Experiencing Emotion • Does money buy happiness?

30. Experiencing Emotion • Adaptation-Level Phenomenon • tendency to form judgements relative to a “neutral” level • Relative Deprivation • perception that one is worse off relative to those with whom one compares oneself • Is Happines Relative (8 min)

31. Strong Strong Neutral Neutral Strong Strong First experience After repeated experiences (a)‏ (b)‏ Opponent-Process Theory of Emotion

32. However, Happiness Seems Not Much Related to Other Factors, Such as Age Gender (women are more often depressed, but also more often joyful)‏ Education levels Parenthood (having children or not)‏ Physical attractiveness Researchers Have Found That Happy People Tend to Have high self-esteem (in individualistic countries)‏ Be optimistic, outgoing, and agreeable Have close friendships or a satisfying marriage Have work and leisure that engage their skills Have a meaningful religious faith Sleep well and exercise Happiness is...

33. Theories of Emotions Review

34. Reflection Reflection • What affects your emotions? • What theory do you think is most accurate regarding emotion? Why? • How are motivation and emotion connected? ?