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Origins of Eukaryotic Diversity – Protists Diversity

Origins of Eukaryotic Diversity – Protists Diversity. Euglenids. Euglenozoa. Know this chart! Know the examples and characteristics of each If a question asks to name the “clade”, choose the most specific.

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Origins of Eukaryotic Diversity – Protists Diversity

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  1. Origins of Eukaryotic Diversity – Protists Diversity

  2. Euglenids Euglenozoa Know this chart! • Know the examples and characteristics of each • If a question asks to name the “clade”, choose the most specific. • If a question asks to name the clade that several belong to, choose the next larger clade. Kinetoplastids Oomycetes Supergroups Clades

  3. And this one also, The Geological Time Scale…Fair game Every Exam!

  4. Four Supergroups: ____________ SAR (Stramenopiles, Alveolata, Rhizaria) Archaeplastida(includes land plants) Unikonta(includes animals and fungi) Characteristics Excavata

  5. ex. Giardia “excavated” groove on one side of the body (lack plastids, lack DNA in mitochondria, two _______ nuclei, flagella, simple cytoskeleton) Supergroup: Excavata Clade: Diplomonads

  6. ex. Trichimonas (Causes Trichomoniasis) “excavated” groove on one side of the body (lack plastids, lack DNA in mitochondria, _____________________) Supergroup: ExcavataClade: Parabaslids

  7. Supergroup: Excavata Clade: Euglenozoa “excavated” groove on one side of the body • Move by _______ with spiral or crystalline rod • 2 Groups: • Euglenids • Kinetoplastids flagella

  8. Supergroup: Excavata Clade: EuglenozoaGroup: Euglenids

  9. Supergroup: Excavata Clade: EuglenozoaGroup: Kinetoplastids ex. ___________ (single large mitochondria with kinetoplast - organized mass of DNA)

  10. Supergroup: SARClade: Alveolata • Supergroup Char: DNA • Clade characteristics: Contain Alveoli (membrane-bounded sacs) beneath their cell surface • 3 Groups: • Dinoflagellates • Apicomplexans • Ciliates

  11. Supergroup: SARClade: Alveolata Group: _____________ (2 flagella located within a groove, xanthophyll)

  12. Supergroup: SARClade: Alveolata group: Apicomplexans ex. __________ (parasitic, apical structure)

  13. Supergroup: SARClade: AlveolataGroup: Ciliates (have Cilia used for movement)

  14. Supergroup: SARClade: _____________ • Supergroup Char: DNA • Clade characteristics: Have hair-like projections on flagella • Four Groups: • Diatoms (Bacillariophyta) • Golden Algae (Chrysophyta) • Brown Algae (Phaeophyta) • Water Mold (Oomycetes) You should know both sets of words

  15. Supergroup: SARClade: StramenopilesGroups: Diatoms Silica

  16. Supergroup: SARClade: StramenopilesGroups: Golden Algae (Chrysophyta) cell wall: ________ pigments: carotene, xanthophyll

  17. Supergroup: SARClade: StramenopilesGroups: Brown Algae

  18. Supergroup: SARClade: StramenopilesGroups: Water Molds (Oomycetes) pigments:none cell wall: cellulose, coenocytic (aseptate) hyphae Irish Potato Famine, French Wine Crisis (1800’s)

  19. SAR (Rhizaria) • Thin pseudopodia Used for movement and feeding • Groups: • Cercozoans • Foraminiferans • Radiolarians

  20. Supergroup: SARGroup: Cercozoans Plastids surrounded by four membranes (secondary endosymbiosis). Sausage Shaped______________

  21. Supergroup: SAR (Rhizaria)Group: Foraminiferans (Forams) porous shells – made of ____________

  22. Supergroup: SAR (Rhizaria)Group: Radiolarians

  23. Ancient protists that engulfed a cyanobacterium Three Groups: Red Algae (Rodophyta) Green Algae (Chlorophyta) Land Plants Supergroup: Archaeplastida

  24. Supergroup: ArchaeplastidaGroup: Rhodophyta (Red) • Red Algae • Phycoerythrin • _______

  25. Supergroup: ArchaeplastidaGroup: Chlorophyta(& Charophytes)

  26. Supergroup: Unikonta • Very Diverse Group • Molecular Systematics links groups (but highly debatable) • Two Clades: • Amoebozoans • Opisthokonts

  27. Supergroup: UnikontaClade: Amoebozoans Group:Slime Molds Group:Gymnamoebas Group:Entamoebas • Many With Lobe or tube shaped _____________

  28. Supergroup: Unikonta Clade: AmoebozoansGroup:Slime Molds Group:Gymnamoebas Group:Entamoebas • Produce fruiting body that aids in spore dispersal • Plasmoidial – NOT ________________ • From a plasmodium (feeding stage) single mass of cytoplasm with many nuclei • diploid

  29. Supergroup: Unikonta Clade: AmoebozoansGroup:Slime Molds Group:Gymnamoebas Group:Entamoebas • Produce fruiting body that aids in spore dispersal • ___________ • (feed like individual amoebas) • aggregate to breed or during stress Haploid Organisms

  30. Supergroup: Unikonta Clade: Amoebozoans Group:Slime MoldsGroup:Gymnamoebas Group:Entamoebas

  31. Supergroup: Unikonta Clade: Amoebozoans Group:Slime Molds Group:GymnamoebasGroup:Entamoebas Most are parastic amoebas Entamoeba histolytica 3rd eukaryotic after Malaria and Schistosomiasis

  32. Supergroup: Unikonta Clade: Opisthokonts Group:Nucleariids Group:Choanoflagellates Very Diverse Group: Nucleariids = most closely related to Fungi Choanoflagellates = most closely related to animals

  33. Supergroup: Unikonta Clade: OpisthokontsGroup:Nucleariids

  34. Supergroup: Unikonta Clade: OpisthokontsGroup:Choanoflagellates • Similar in morphology and DNA to animals

  35. Domain: Archaea • Group: Methanogens • methane releasing • Group: Halophiles • lives in high salt areas • Group: Thermophiles • lives in extreme temperatures

  36. Viruses

  37. b

  38. Virus Structure

  39. Virus Structure • Capsid – Protein coat covering virus; present in all viruses. Capsids are made from protein subunits called capsomeres. • __________ – Layer of fat surrounding capsid; present in some viruses but not all.

  40. Viral Replication • Only reproduce when they enter a host cell • They lack ribosomes and enzymes necessary for protein synthesis and simple metabolism

  41. Viral Genome Structure • dsDNA • ssDNA • dsRNA • ssRNA • Serve as mRNA • Serve as template for mRNA • Serve as template for DNA (retro) Bullet shaped envelope

  42. HIV (a retrovirus) • Viruses that causes AIDS • Peters Duesberg

  43. ______ • ss RNA that can serve as mRNA • Can cause paralysis in motor neurons • Transmitted through fecal contaminated food/water • Worse in intermediately clean cities • Salk vaccine, 1954

  44. Hepatitis • Inflammation of the liver • At least 5 different types of the virus • Hep A– ss RNA, no envelope; fecal-oral • Hep C– ss RNA with envelope; sexually transmitted/ blood

  45. __________ • Bullet Shaped Envelope (ss RNA) • Long incubation period • Almost always fatal if unvaccinated. • Werewolves, Vampires • Zoonosis • Host Range

  46. Flu • Influenza, commonly known as the flu • Symptoms include fever, sore throat, myalgia, coughing, weakness • Many Epidemic/ • Pandemic Episodes (1918-1919) 20-100 million died; Spanish Flu

  47. Prions • Infectious Protein Particles • Examples: • Mad Cow Disease • Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease • Kuru (Fore tribe of Papua New Guinea) • Fatal Familial Insomnia (you don’t have it!)

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