Teacher’s notes

1. Teacher’s notes I’m in the process of converting the flowcharts to a new, more viewer-friendly color scheme. On each regular PowerPoint I include a copy of the flowchart with the new color scheme for those who want to replace it themselves. My plan is to get all 200 PowerPoints converted in the next year. You can tell if a particular lesson has been converted if the free preview is converted. Also, all 200 flowcharts covering world history are linked together in a product known as Hyperflow. If there’s a particular lesson you want in the new scheme, e-mail me at cbutler@flowofhistory.com.

2. Introduction: A Brutal Century “…the life of man, solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short.” --Thomas Hobbes

3. The 1600s were brutal times, the years 1618-48 marked by the first European-wide conflict, the Thirty Years War, the second half of the century dominated by the massive struggle & bloodshed of Louis XIV’s wars.

4. The 1600s were brutal times, the years 1618-48 marked by the first European-wide conflict, the Thirty Years War, the second half of the century dominated by the massive struggle & bloodshed of Louis XIV’s wars. The climate also turned colder. Even the lagoons of Venice froze over as did the Baltic Sea, providing a convenient invasion route for the Swedes into Russia.

5. The 1600s were brutal times, the years 1618-48 marked by the first European-wide conflict, the Thirty Years War, the second half of the century dominated by the massive struggle & bloodshed of Louis XIV’s wars. The climate also turned colder. Even the lagoons of Venice froze over ad did the Baltic Sea, providing a convenient invasion route for the Swedes into Russia. With colder weather came famine, and with that came epidemic. The Black Death made its last major appearance in the 1600s, claiming 100,000 lives in London (1665), 130,000 in Naples (1656), 30% of Stockholm’s population (1710-11), and 50% of Marseilles’ (1720-21) before virtually disappearing from the scene.

6. The 1600s were brutal times, the years 1618-48 marked by the first European-wide conflict, the Thirty Years War, the second half of the century dominated by the massive struggle & bloodshed of Louis XIV’s wars. The climate also turned colder. Even the lagoons of Venice froze over ad did the Baltic Sea, providing a convenient invasion route for the Swedes into Russia. With colder weather came famine, and with that came epidemic. The Black Death made its last major appearance in the 1600s, claiming 100,000 lives in London (1665), 130,000 in Naples (1656), 30% of Stockholm’s population (1710-11), and 50% of Marseilles’ (1720-21) before virtually disappearing from the scene. There were other diseases to take its place, though. Poor sanitation nourished lice carrying typhus, rats and fleas carrying plague, and mosquitoes carrying malaria. Piles of horse manure in the streets bred flies, leading to typhoid & infantile diarrhea that killed thousands of children. Smallpox was especially prevalent, claiming an estimated 1 in 14 lives & leaving its survivors, such as Louis XIV & Charles XII of Sweden, pockmarked for life.

7. From 1648-1713 it is estimated that Europe’s pop. fell from 118 million to 102 million.

8. From 1648-1713 it is estimated that Europe’s pop. fell from 118 million to 102 million. For most people life was a desperate struggle for survival.

9. From 1648-1713 it is estimated that Europe’s pop. fell from 118 million to 102 million. For most people life was a desperate struggle for survival. In the words of the 17th century philosopher, Thomas Hobbes, it was “solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short.”

10. From 1648-1713 it is estimated that Europe’s pop. fell from 118 million to 102 million. For most people life was a desperate struggle for survival. In the words of the 17th century philosopher, Thomas Hobbes, it was “solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short.” The rich & famous might look forward to a life of 50 yrs or so if they survived the first year of life.

11. From 1648-1713 it is estimated that Europe’s pop. fell from 118 million to 102 million. For most people life was a desperate struggle for survival. In the words of the 17th century philosopher, Thomas Hobbes, it was “solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short.” The rich & famous might look forward to a life of 50 yrs or so if they survived the first year of life. Up to one-half of all infants did not.

12. From 1648-1713 it is estimated that Europe’s pop. fell from 118 million to 102 million. For most people life was a desperate struggle for survival. In the words of the 17th century philosopher, Thomas Hobbes, it was “solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short.” The rich & famous might look forward to a life of 50 yrs or so if they survived the first year of life. Up to one-half of all infants did not. Peter the Great & his second wife Catherine had 12 children. Only 2 daughters reached adulthood.

13. From 1648-1713 it is estimated that Europe’s pop. fell from 118 million to 102 million. For most people life was a desperate struggle for survival. In the words of the 17th century philosopher, Thomas Hobbes, it was “solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short.” The rich & famous might look forward to a life of 50 yrs or so if they survived the first year of life. Up to one-half of all infants did not. Peter the Great & his second wife Catherine had 12 children. Only 2 daughters reached adulthood. Queen Anne of England had 16 children, all dead by age l0.

14. From 1648-1713 it is estimated that Europe’s pop. fell from 118 million to 102 million. For most people life was a desperate struggle for survival. In the words of the 17th century philosopher, Thomas Hobbes, it was “solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short.” The rich & famous might look forward to a life of 50 yrs or so if they survived the first year of life. Up to one-half of all infants did not. Peter the Great & his second wife Catherine had 12 children. Only 2 daughters reached adulthood. Queen Anne of England had 16 children, all dead by age l0. Louis XIV & his queen Maria Theresa had five children.

15. From 1648-1713 it is estimated that Europe’s pop. fell from 118 million to 102 million. For most people life was a desperate struggle for survival. In the words of the 17th century philosopher, Thomas Hobbes, it was “solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short.” The rich & famous might look forward to a life of 50 yrs or so if they survived the first year of life. Up to one-half of all infants did not. Peter the Great & his second wife Catherine had 12 children. Only 2 daughters reached adulthood. Queen Anne of England had 16 children, all dead by age l0. Louis XIV & his queen Maria Theresa had five children. One survived.

16. From 1648-1713 it is estimated that Europe’s pop. fell from 118 million to 102 million. For most people life was a desperate struggle for survival. In the words of the 17th century philosopher, Thomas Hobbes, it was “solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short.” The rich & famous might look forward to a life of 50 yrs or so if they survived the first year of life. Up to one-half of all infants did not. Peter the Great & his second wife Catherine had 12 children. Only 2 daughters reached adulthood. Queen Anne of England had 16 children, all dead by age l0. Louis XIV & his queen Maria Theresa had five children. One survived. Within 14 months Louis lost his only son, eldest grandson, & eldest great-grandson-- all to measles.

17. From 1648-1713 it is estimated that Europe’s pop. fell from 118 million to 102 million. For most people life was a desperate struggle for survival. In the words of the 17th century philosopher, Thomas Hobbes, it was “solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short.” The rich & famous might look forward to a life of 50 yrs or so if they survived the first year of life. Up to one-half of all infants did not. Peter the Great & his second wife Catherine had 12 children. Only 2 daughters reached adulthood. Queen Anne of Eng had 16 children, all dead by age l0. Louis XIV & his queen Maria Theresa had five children. One survived. Within 14 months Louis lost his only son, eldest grandson, & eldest great-grandson-- all to measles. For most people the day ended when the sun went down & their world was shrouded in a darkness populated by witches and demons.

18. From 1648-1713 it is estimated that Europe’s pop. fell from 118 million to 102 million. For most people life was a desperate struggle for survival. In the words of the 17th century philosopher, Thomas Hobbes, it was “solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short.” The rich & famous might look forward to a life of 50 yrs or so if they survived the first year of life. Up to one-half of all infants did not. Peter the Great & his second wife Catherine had 12 children. Only 2 daughters reached adulthood. Queen Anne of Eng had 16 children, all dead by age l0. Louis XIV & his queen Maria Theresa had five children. One survived. Within 14 months Louis lost his only son, eldest grandson, & eldest great-grandson-- all to measles. For most people the day ended when the sun went down & their world was shrouded in a darkness populated by witches and demons. The great events of the day were beyond the narrow horizon of the vast majority of people

19. From 1648-1713 it is estimated that Europe’s pop. fell from 118 million to 102 million. For most people life was a desperate struggle for survival. In the words of the 17th century philosopher, Thomas Hobbes, it was “solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short.” The rich & famous might look forward to a life of 50 yrs or so if they survived the first year of life. Up to one-half of all infants did not. Peter the Great & his second wife Catherine had 12 children. Only 2 daughters reached adulthood. Queen Anne of Eng had 16 children, all dead by age l0. Louis XIV & his queen Maria Theresa had five children. One survived. Within 14 months Louis lost his only son, eldest grandson, & eldest great-grandson-- all to measles. For most people the day ended when the sun went down & their world was shrouded in a darkness populated by witches and demons. The great events of the day were beyond the narrow horizon of the vast majority of people… ….unless those events came with a sword.

20. Even the heavens seemed to portend calamity, as the appearance of Halley’s Comet in 1618 added to already growing anxiety about coming disaster.

21. A growing fear of war triggered a virtual arms race, as each ruler seemed armed to the teeth to protect his realm from his neighbors. Demonstrations of military power, such as the one at Nuremburg pictured below, were meant to deter aggression. Unfortunately they only alarmed their neighbors and fed a vicious cycle of an arms race that saw military stockpiles and tensions rising together.

22. In the early 1600s people expected war to come in 1621 when the truce between Spain and the Dutch (United Provinces) expired. Indeed it would have if not for events in Bohemia in 1618.

23. The Storm breaks: Bohemia (1618-23)

24. At this time, the balance of power between Catholics and Protestants in Europe centered largely around events in Germany, which was split fairly evenly between the two faiths. Kingdom of Bohemia Ferdinand of Styria, the heir apparent to the childless and aging emperor, Matthias.

25. At this time, the balance of power between Catholics and Protestants in Europe centered largely around events in Germany, which was split fairly evenly between the two faiths. Similarly, Germany’s balance of power (political and religious) rested largely with seven electors who would choose the Holy Roman Emperor, when the old and childless emperor, Matthias, died. Kingdom of Bohemia Ferdinand of Styria, the heir apparent to the childless and aging emperor, Matthias.

26. At this time, the balance of power between Catholics and Protestants in Europe centered largely around events in Germany, which was split fairly evenly between the two faiths. Similarly, Germany’s balance of power (political and religious) rested largely with seven electors who would choose the Holy Roman Emperor, when the old and childless emperor, Matthias, died. Since three electors were Protestant princes and three others were Catholic archbishops, the key to that balance rested with the king of Bohemia, a staunchly Protestant land whose elective king, Ferdinand of Styria, was also the heir apparent to the Austrian Hapsburg lands. Kingdom of Bohemia Ferdinand of Styria, the heir apparent to the childless and aging emperor, Matthias.

27. At this time, the balance of power between Catholics and Protestants in Europe centered largely around events in Germany, which was split fairly evenly between the two faiths. Similarly, Germany’s balance of power (political and religious) rested largely with seven electors who would choose the Holy Roman Emperor, when the old and childless emperor, Matthias, died. Since three electors were Protestant princes and three others were Catholic archbishops, the key to that balance rested with the king of Bohemia, a staunchly Protestant land whose elective king, Ferdinand of Styria, was also the heir apparent to the Austrian Hapsburg lands. Two things added further to the rising tensions and uncertainty. One was the emperor Matthias’ Letter of Majesty in 1609 which granted the Bohemians religious freedom. Secondly, Ferdinand of Styria, a fervent Catholic revoked the Bohemians’ religious freedom Kingdom of Bohemia Ferdinand of Styria, the heir apparent to the childless and aging emperor, Matthias.

28. The Defenestration of Prague (1618) Bohemians in Prague retaliated by defenestrating (tossing out a window) two Catholic ministers. Miraculously they survived the 60 foot fall, Catholics claiming they were caught by angels, Protestants saying they landed in a dung heap under the window. Ferdinand rewarded the ministers for their trouble by giving them each the noble title von Hohenfall (Great fall). Whatever broke their fall, the Defenestration of Prague triggered the Bohemian Revolt which would escalate into the Thirty Years War, the first European-wide conflict. Prague