Part of Speech : positional classes

1. Part of Speech : positional classes 8th meeting Nominal and Verbal

2. Three Modes of Classification 1.Classification by function(S,V,DO,IO,SC,OC,O.prep) 2. Classification by form (noun, verb, adjective, adverb, non-suffixing words) 3. Classification by position (nominal, verbal, adjectival, adverbial) ex: The prettiest sat in the center. nominal

3. Positional Classes • Nominal Nominal position is occupied by any words, phrases, or even clauses that function as S,SC,DO,IO,OC,OP in a sentence. ex: The rich live on the bay. In this sentence the word rich is an adjective by form but it’s called a nominal because it occupies the subject position in the sentence. He hated starving. In this sentence the word starving is a verb by form but it’s called a nominal because it occupies the direct object position in the sentence.

4. Verbal Verbal are those forms that occupy verb positions. The verb by form is a verbal by position. ex: The golf team may play tomorrow. verbal The verbal position is occupied only by the main verb, so the aux verb may is not included in the verbal.

5. Finite Verbs Finite verbs are the verb forms that are capable of full assertion in a sentence and of changing their form to indicate person, number, or tense. ex: the verb choose(look in page 254)

6. Nonfinite verbs The verb forms which don’t assert fully and do not change their form to indicate person, number, or tense.There are only three forms of nonfinite forms which are present participle(-ING vb), past participle(-D pp), and the infinitive(to)+ verb stem. ex: Shaking his fist Having stayed calm To stop this nonsense

7. 3. Adjectivals Adjectivals are those words from any forms that fill in the adjective position in the sentence. There are 4 characterictics of adjectival positions: • Between the determiner(words such as a, the, this, that, these, those, his, her, our, their, Johny’s) and noun ex: That joyfulfreshman det adjectival noun

8. 2. The third slot in the pattern 2 ex: Those boysareyoung. NP LV AJ 3. After the noun.It accepts adjectives, adverbs, verbs(participles), non-suffixing words, and word groups. ex: The waitress, old and weary, sat heavily down.

9. 4. At the beginning of a sentence before the subject. Angry and upset, the applicant slammed the door.

10. 4. Adverbial Adverbial are those words or even group of words that can fill in adverb position in a sentence. We limit the position of adverbial into 5 positions: • Before the pattern, with or without juncture Really, you should know better. Now it’s time to go. • After the subject and before the auxiliary or verb. She often would forget her keys. He actually expects to marry her.

11. 3. After the auxiliary or the first auxiliary. He would seldom make the effort. They could easily have made the touchdown. 4. After the verb in pattern 1 and after be in pattern 2 and 3. He drove recklessly. Her brother is always a gentleman. She is outside.

12. 5. After the complement of the verb (SC,DO,OC) Hoskins will be quarterbacktomorrow. SC Hoskins will play footballtomorrow. DO They may choose Hoskins captaintomorrow. OC

13. Verb-Adverbial Composites • A verb-adverbial composite is a group of word consists of a verb and adverbial ( Or in practice, u know it as phrasal verb).The meaning of a verb adverbial composite is different from the meaning of its verb and adverbial itself, therefore it produces a new meaning. ex; He turned up at seven o’clock. There are two kinds of Verb-adverbial composites; • Intransitive Verb-Adverbial Composite (VAC) ex; The car broke down. • Transitive Verb-Adverbial Composite (VAC + O) ex; He turned down the offer.