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By: Norma Avalos & Javier Perez

America in World War II “Never before have we had so little time in which to do so much.” -Franklin D. Roosevelt, 1942. By: Norma Avalos & Javier Perez. The Allies Trade Space for Time. Pearl Harbor (1941) America’s desire for vengeance against the Pacific Franklin D. Roosevelt decided to:

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By: Norma Avalos & Javier Perez

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  1. America in World War II“Never before have we had so little time in which to do so much.”-Franklin D. Roosevelt, 1942 By: Norma Avalos & Javier Perez

  2. The Allies Trade Space for Time • Pearl Harbor (1941) • America’s desire for vengeance against the Pacific • Franklin D. Roosevelt decided to: • 1st destroy Japan’s allies • PLAN: gather allied forces after defeating Hitler • Conflicts: • From isolation to war • Could they arrive fast enough??

  3. The Shock of War • Executive Order No. 9066: • Detention Camps, also known as concentration camps, set up for enemy aliens (Japanese, German, & Italian descendants) • 2/3 American-born U.S. citizens • Regret: • Finally in 1988, U.S. Government officially apologized & paid $20,000 to camp survivors

  4. Building the War Machine • Great Depression ended due to great demands for jobs & production • Henry J. Kaiser, “Sir Launchalot”: • Shipbuilder who assembled 1 ship p/14days • Many essential goods rationed such as food and gasoline • Labor unions forbidden of striking • Some still did (United Mine Workers, led by John L. Lewis) • Congress passed Smith-Connally Anti-Strike Act in June 1943 • Federal government could seize and take over industries that were either on the verge of or under strikes • Luckily only less than 1% of working hours were accounted for under strikes

  5. Manpower & Womanpower • Men AND women drafted • 15 million men in armed forces as well as 216,000 women, “women in arms;” WAACS (Army), WAVES (Navy), SPARS (Coast Guard) • 1942 agreement w/ Mexico, The Bracero Program- • thousands of Mexican agricultural workers were to come work in America due to lack of personnel • Women also took over “men” jobs but 2/3 of them became housewives again after the war • Return of men created a baby boom

  6. Wartime Migrations • California’s pop grew by nearly 2 million • Hypocrisy in America?? • President Roosevelt created the Fair Employment Practices Commission (FEPC) in attempt to decrease racism in workplace • Meanwhile, Blacks in the military were still being discriminated against just like at home • Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) founded in 1942 • 1944-mechanical cotton picker invented, therefore Blacks no longer needed • Majority decided to move North or West, all in search of a better life • 1.6 million blacks left the South • By 1970, ½ of Black race lived outside of the South

  7. Holding the Home Front • U.S.A.-only country to be better off after the war than before • Both corporate profits and gross national product more than doubled • America’s wartime bill came out to be $330 billion (+ than the costs of all previous American wars combined) • National debt from $49 billion to $259 billion due to expansion of income tax • War cost up to $10 b/p/hr at one point

  8. The Rising Sun in the Pacific • Japanese gained more land than what they lost • Conquered: • Guam, Wake, Hong Kong, British Malaya, Burma, the Dutch East Indies, the Philippines, and even a part of China • After conquering the Philippines, the fighters were obliged to make the infamous 85-mile Bataan death march • U.S. General Douglas MacArthur escaped in time to flee to Australia but promised to return and free the islands from Japan’s chokehold

  9. Japan’s High Tide at Midway • American & Australian forces finally caught up w/ Japan in the Coral Sea (world’s 1st naval battle in which the ships never saw their opponent) • During Japan’s attempt to seize Midway Island, U.S. Admiral Chester W. Nimitz stopped them and there began the 3 day battle, June 3-6 1942, which would now halt the Japanese from further expansion • “Island hopping”-Allies landed on and conquered neighboring islands and starved them to death, therefore keeping Japan away.

  10. American Leapfrogging Toward Tokyo • August 1942: America won at Guadalcanal • August 1943: gained Aleutian Islands of Attu & Kiska by island hopping • August 1944: gained New Guinea • June 19, 1944: U.S. attacks Marianas w/ advanced aircraft (i.e. “Hellcat” fighter) • June 20, 1944: U.S. won the Battle of the Philippine Sea • U.S. performed hourly bombing raids over Japan especially in Tokyo

  11. The Battle of the Philippine Sea

  12. The Allied Halting of Hitler • U.S. cracked “enigma” code; made it easier to pinpoint German U-boats • Discovery made at the end of the war: • Hitler close to releasing a new & improved U-boat that could last x-amount of time underwater & was able to cruise at 17 knots underwater as well • Oct. 1942:In El Alamein British General Bernard Montgomery defeated German leader Marshall Edwin Rommel, also known as the “Desert Fox” • Russia recovered 2/3 of the land they had lost

  13. A Second Front from North Africa to Rome • Soviets desperate for a different approach in regards to their large loses (20 million Soviet forces dead by end of WWII) • British planned to invade Italy through North Africa in hopes of attacking their “soft underbelly”; plot came to be known as Operation Torch • Not very successful, underbelly underestimated • Led to creation of “unconditional surrender” founded by FDR & Churchill at Casablanca Conference • Mussolini, Italian dictator lynched w/ mistress; Italy remained a part of Axis Powers • August 1943: Sicily surrendered; June 4, 1944: Rome did, too; Italy finally defeated on May 2, 1945

  14. Operation Torch

  15. D-Day: June 6, 1944 • Tehran Conference-the 3 Allied Forces met to discuss and created plans for the cross-channel invasion • General Dwight D. Eisenhower was the appointee • 1st on the list… • The invasion of Normandy • Paris freed in August 1944 thanks to… • The “French underground” • (The angels sent from heaven…Halleluiah!!) JK

  16. Leaders of Allied Forces

  17. FDR: The Fourth-Termite of 1944 • Republicans= Thomas E. Dewey • Liberal governor of New York • VP: John W. Bricker • Opponent: Democrat Franklin D. Roosevelt • VP: Harry S. Truman

  18. Roosevelt Defeats Dewey • Dewey chose to take offensive route in campaigning • FDR preoccupied w/ WWII • Regardless, Roosevelt surpassed Dewey by 333 votes; 432-99 • Franklin Delano Roosevelt-4 terms in office WOW!! • Not so much since it had previously occurred just 3yrs. ago

  19. Roosevelt Defeats Dewey Cont.

  20. The Last Days of Hitler • Battle of “the Bulge”-Dec. 16, 1944 in Ardennes forest; lasted 10 days • March 1945- Americans deeper & deeper into Germany • Joined Soviet troops and navigated toward Berlin • Concentration Camps- withheld Jews, Dutch, Polish, disabled, and other minorities; they were used as laborers & experiments, they were also tortured and killed • Allied forces weren’t previously aware, disgusted by their cruelty toward Jews & “undesirables”

  21. The Last Days of Hitler Cont. • Farewell: • Unfortunately, FDR died from a cerebral hemorrhage on April 12, 1945 • As a result to his failure, Hitler committed suicide on April 30, 1945 • White Flag Finally Raised!! • May 7, 1945 official German surrender • May 8, 1995-officially proclaimed V-E Day • (Victory in Europe Day)

  22. Japan Dies Hard • March 9-10, 1945- firebomb raids on Tokyo kills +83,000ppl • Promise Kept!! • Oct. 20, 1944-General MacArthur returns to the Philippines • Liberates Manila in March 1945 • Japan sea-handicapped after last great naval battle at Leyte Gulf • 4,000 Americans lost during 25-day captivity of Iwo Jima in March 1945 • April-June 1945, Okinawa went down along with 50,000 Americans • Japan’s last resort was to turn to “kamikazes,” suicide pilots

  23. The Atomic Bombs • July 1945, Potsdam Conference- Allies had no alternative; turned to “surrender or be destroyed” • Many warnings were given to Japan by the Allied Forces: If Japan didn’t surrender, then they’d have to face complete & utter destruction • Japan ignored all warnings & refused to hold back • Consider yourself warned… • August 6, 1945- Americans dropped the 1st atomic bomb on Hiroshima, causing the deaths of 180,000 people • August 9, 1945- 2nd atomic bomb was dropped on Nagasaki, killing 80,000 • August 8, 1945-Soviets declared war against Japan • August 10,1945-Japan agreed to surrender as long as Hirohito remained their emperor; Allies accepted

  24. The Atomic Bombs Cont. • Hiroshima Bombing:

  25. The Atomic Bombs Cont. • Nagasaki Bombing:

  26. War Officially Over!! • September 2, 1945 was the formal end of the long-lasting war • Hirohito surrendered to General MacArthur aboard the U.S.S. Missouri

  27. The Allies Triumphant • America suffered 1 million casualties • Few due to diseases because of the new discovery of penicillin • We mainly owe our gratitude of victory to U.S. generals, admirals, & leaders, who got us through this war without any major set backs • Who says the good guys don’t always win?? • We are the STRONG, the FEARLESS, the CONQUERORS; we are AMERICA, the land of the FREE & the home of the BRAVE

  28. *Extra Info:Nov. 4, 1948; Harry S. Truman vs. Thomas E. Dewey

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