Micro and Macronutrients

1. Micro and Macronutrients B5

2. Micro and macronutrients (B.5.1) • Micronutrients • required in very small amounts by the body (<0.005% body weight) (mg or g) • vitamins • iron, copper, zinc, iodine, selenium, cobalt and manganese • many are cofactors (essential non-protein component of enzymes) in enzymes • Macronutrients • chemical substances that are required in relatively large amounts (>0.005% body weight) • proteins, carbohydrates, fats • sodium, magnesium, potassium, calcium, phosphorus, sulfur and chlorine

4. Vitamins (B.5.3) • all are micronutrients • soluble in… (remember “like dissolves like”) • water • have many polar functional groups • vitamins B and C • fat (insoluble in water) • mostly non-polar hydrocarbon chains or rings • can accumulate in fatty tissue • vitamins A, D, E, and K

5. Vitamin A (retinol) • insoluble in water (soluble in fat) • only one “spot” where hydrogen bonding can occur with water

7. Vitamin B soluble in water • many polar –OH groups, O, NH… • lots of places for hydrogen bonding to occur

8. Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) • soluble in water • many polar –OH groups and C-O bonds • lots of places for hydrogen bonding to occur

9. Vitamin D (calciferol) • insoluble in water • only one place for hydrogen bonding

10. This is NOT nearly enough to make the entire molecule polar

12. Vitamin K • insoluble in water • only two “spots” (not enough) where hydrogen bonding can occur with water

13. Compare the structures of vitamin A, vitamin C, and vitamin D (B.5.3) Vitamin A Vitamin D Vitamin C

14. Causes and effects of nutrient deficiencies and suggest solutions (B.5.4) = micronutrients = micronutrients

17. Solutions? • providing food rations composed of vitamin and mineral enriched foods • adding nutrients to commonly consumed foods • genetic modified food • providing nutritional supplements