Chapter

1. Culture Culture and Society Development of Culture Around the World Elements of Culture Culture and the Dominant Ideology Cultural Diversity Chapter 3

2. Culture and Society Development of Culture around the World Cultural Universals Innovation Diffusion and Technology Elements of Culture Language Norms Sanctions Values Culture and the Dominant Ideology Cultural Diversity Aspects of Cultural Diversity Cultural Diversity in Canada Attitudes toward Cultural Diversity Social Policy and Culture:Multiculturalism The Issue The Setting Sociological Insights Policy Initiatives Chapter Three Outline

3. Boxes Research in Action: Dominant Ideology and Poverty Eye on the Media: Knockin’ Rock—Making Music a Social Problem Taking Sociology to Work: Angus Reid, Liu Centre for the Study of Global Issues, University of British Chapter Three Outline (2)

4. Culture and Society • Culture is the totality of learned, socially transmitted customs, knowledge, material objects, and behaviour. • Sociologically, culture does not refer to fine arts or intellectual taste. Culture:

5. Culture and Society • Culture consists of all objects and ideas within a society. • Sharing a common culture simplifies daily activities. Culture:

6. Development of Culture Around the World • All societies have developed certain common practices and beliefs called cultural universals. • Cultural universals change over time and from one society to another. Cultural Universals:

7. Development of Culture Around the World • The process of introducing an idea or object that is new to a culture is known as innovation. • Innovation may take the form of either discovery or invention. Innovation:

8. Culture Around the World • Diffusion • Diffusion is the process by which a cultural item is spread from group to group or society to society. • Diffusion can occur through a variety of means. • exploration military conquest • missionary work mass media • tourism Internet Diffusion and Technology:

9. Culture Around the World • Technology • Technology accelerates the diffusion of scientific innovations. • Technology transmits culture. Diffusion and Technology:

10. Culture Around the World • Material Culture • Refers to the physical or technological aspects of our daily lives, including: food houses factories raw materials Diffusion and Technology:

11. Culture Around the World • Nonmaterial Culture • Refers to ways of using material objects and to: • customs beliefs communication • philosophies government Diffusion and Technology:

12. Culture Around the World • Culture Lag • Refers to the period of maladjustment when the nonmaterial culture is still adapting to new material conditions.

13. Elements of Culture • Language is an abstract system of word meanings and symbols for all aspects of culture. • Language includes speech, written characters, numerals, symbols, and gestures and expressions of nonverbal communication. Language:

14. Elements of Culture • Sapir-Worf Hypothesis • Language precedes thought. • Language is not a given. • Language is culturally determined. Language:

15. Language Families Indo-European 1 Germanic 6 Indo-Aryan 2 Romance 7 Celtic 3 Slavic 8 Greek 4 Baltic 9 Armenian 5 Iranian Eskimo-Aleut Native American Hamito-Semitic Niger-Congo Nilo-Saharan Austronesian Australian Samoyed Finno-Ugric Basque Khosian Ural-Altaic Caucasian Sino-Tibetan Paleo-Siberian Korean Japanese Burushaki Austro-Asiatic Vietnamese Thai-Kadai Papuan Dravidian Unpopulated Regions Mapping Life Worldwide: Languages of the World Source: Richard T. Schaefer. 2002. Sociology: A Brief Introduction, 4th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, Figure 3-1, p. 59 from Edward B. Espenshade, Jr. 1990. Rand McNally Goode’s World Atlas, 18/e:25.

16. Elements of Culture • Nonverbal communication is the use of gestures, facial expressions, and other visual images to communicate. • Nonverbal communication is not the same in all cultures. • Nonverbal communication is learned. Nonverbal Communication:

17. Elements of Culture • Norms are established standards of behaviour maintained by a society. • Types of Norms • Mores (MOR-ays) are norms deemed highly necessary for the welfare of society. • Folkways are norms governing everyday behaviour. Norms:

18. Elements of Culture • Sanctions are penalties and rewards for conduct concerning a social norm. • Sanctions may be either positive or negative. Sanctions:

19. Norms and Sanctions Source: Richard T. Schaefer. 2002. Sociology: A Brief Introduction, 4th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, Table 3-1, p. 63

20. Informal norms Formal norms Mores Homicide Child molestation Drunken driving Child Abuse Child support Severepenalties Suicide Folkways Drunkenness in private Rudeness Using obscene language Clothing style Table manners Public drunkenness Traffic violations Curfew violations Licenses Parking regulations Mildpenalties Penalties for Violations of Norms

21. Elements of Culture • Values are our collective conceptions of what is good, desirable, and proper – or bad, undesirable, and improper – in a culture. • Values influence people’s behaviour. • Values are criteria for evaluating actions of others. Values:

22. Culture and the Dominant Ideology • Dominant Ideology: • The term dominant ideology describes the set of cultural beliefs and practices that help to maintain powerful social, economic, and political interests. • Dominant groups control wealth and property. • Dominant groups control the means of producing beliefs about reality through: religion education the media

23. Cultural Diversity • A subculture is a segment of society that shares a distinctive pattern of mores, folkways, and values that differs from the larger society. • A subculture is a culture existing within a larger, dominant culture. Aspects of Cultural Variation: Subcultures

24. Cultural Diversity • A counterculture is created when a subculture conspicuously and deliberately opposes certain aspects of the larger culture. • Examples of countercultures: hippies militia groups Aspects of Cultural Variation: Countercultures

25. Cultural Diversity Culture Shock • Culture shock is experienced if one feels disoriented, uncertain, out of place, or fearful when immersed in an unfamiliar culture. Ethnocentrism • Ethnocentrism is the tendency to assume that one’s own culture and way of life are superior to all others. Aspects of Cultural Diversity:

26. Cultural Diversity Cultural Relativism • Cultural relativism views people’s behaviours from the perspective of their own culture. Xenocentrism • Xenocentrism is an extension of cultural relativism; it is the belief that the products, styles, or ideas of one’s society are inferior to those that originate elsewhere. Aspects of Cultural Diversity: