学术英语 社科

1. 学术英语 社科 Academic English for Social Sciences

2. 10 The Study of Politics as a Science Why is the study of politics not called “politics” but “political science”? What renders the study of political science? This unit may help us find the answers by providing insight into the nature of political science and the kind of work political scientists do.

3. Unit 10 The Study of Politics as a Science Unit Contents Lead-in Text A Text B Text C Listening Speaking Writing

4. Unit 10 The Study of Politics as a Science • Lead-in • Lead-in task

5. Unit 10 The Study of Politics as a Science Lead-in Task 1 Listen to a short talk on classical federalism (联邦主义) and fill in the blanks according to what you have heard. governmental functions Firstly, there is a constitutional division of (1) ____________________, each level being autonomous in at least one sphere of action. So an obvious sort of division, under a federal system, would be (2) _____________________ in the hands of the central government or federal government, with education being a state or local responsibility. Secondly, each government is (3) ________________ in its constitutionally assigned area. Thirdly, both levels act directly (4) _____________. Fourthly, both levels derive their powers from the sovereign, from the people or the (5) __________, rather than from one another. Fifthly, therefore, neither can change the relationship unilaterally, and finally, such systems normally have (6) ________________. The states exist as of their own right. defence responsibilities final and supreme on the citizens constitution regional divisions Task 2 Listen again and check your answers.

6. Unit 10 The Study of Politics as a Science • Text A • Critical reading and thinking • English language for • academic purpose • Specialized vocabulary • Signpost language • Formal English

7. Unit 10 The Study of Politics as a Science Text A Critical reading and thinking of Text A Text Analysis Definition of political science: the study of the struggles, both small and large, of who gets what, when, how, in an effort to develop general principles or theories about the way the world of politics works.

8. Unit 10 The Study of Politics as a Science Text A Critical reading and thinking of Text A Text Analysis Major sub-fields (Para 1) eight major sub-fields To find out the sub-headings in Text A which demonstrates a more detailed sketch of the work political scientists do.

9. Unit 10 The Study of Politics as a Science Text A Critical reading and thinking of Text A Text Analysis 1. Investigating relationships 2. Building theories 1) What is hypothesis? Statements that researchers construct for the purpose of testing whether or not a certain relationship exists between two phenomena 2) How to build theories? By developing and testing hypothesis. e.g. We want to know whether presidential elections are affected by economic conditions.

10. Unit 10 The Study of Politics as a Science Text A Critical reading and thinking of Text A Text Analysis Hypothesis: When the national unemployment rate is greater than seven percent at the time of the election, presidential incumbents are not reelected.

11. Unit 10 The Study of Politics as a Science Text A Critical reading and thinking of Text A Text Analysis 3. Collecting data 1) the dependent variable of the hypothesis: the reelection of incumbent presidents 2) the independent variable: the national unemployment rate 3) the finding: In most cases the incumbent lost when the national unemployment rate was greater than 7 percent at the time of a presidential election.

12. Unit 10 The Study of Politics as a Science Text A Critical reading and thinking of Text A Text Analysis 5. Clear, consistent, objective writing →avoid the use of impressionistic or metaphorical language; →persuade through their command of the facts and their ability to relate those facts to theories; →clarity and concision (e.g. clearly define terms/concepts) →operationalize key terms →operationalization: the process of specifying the extension of a concept – describing what is and is not a part of that concept

13. Unit 10 The Study of Politics as a Science Text A Critical reading and thinking of Text A Text Analysis e.g. anger It is difficult to measure “anger” in empirical research. We need to have more precise criteria with which to measure or assess it. Such criteria in this case can include facial expression, choice of vocabulary, loudness and tone of voice.

14. Unit 10 The Study of Politics as a Science Text A English language for academic purpose Specialized vocabulary Translate the following terms into Chinese: 1 political science 2 comparative politics 3 international relations 4 political methodology 5 public policy 6 public administration Do Task 2 on page 204

15. Unit 10 The Study of Politics as a Science Text A English language for academic purpose Signpost language There are two kinds of signpost language: 1) Linking words and phrases that we have discussed in previous units. 2) Major signposts that signal key aspects of your work, such as structure, main points, conclusion etc.

16. Unit 10 The Study of Politics as a Science Text A English language for academic purpose Signpost language Here are some examples highly useful in academic writing: →To remind the reader of the purpose or focus of the study The present study investigates… The aim of this study was to… This study set out to assess the impact of… →To summarize the findings of the study This study has shown that… The main finding of this thesis is that… This study demonstrates that…

17. Unit 10 The Study of Politics as a Science Text A English language for academic purpose Signpost language →To indicate the importance of the findings This is the first study, to our knowledge, to examine… These results describe for the first time… Only one other study, to our knowledge, has examined… →To point out the limitations of the study The study has a number of possible limitations. The main limitation of this study is that… The above analysis does not enable us to determine… →To recommend further research Future studies with statistical analyses… would be of interest. Several questions remain to be resolved; in particular… More research in this area is necessary before… Further studies are required to establish…

18. Unit 10 The Study of Politics as a Science Text A English language for academic purpose Signpost language After class, find a published paper in your discipline, scan the paper and highlight the major signposts. Check if you find the above expressions in the paper.

19. Unit 10 The Study of Politics as a Science Text A English language for academic purpose Formal English 2 Go over the tips on how to make your writing appropriate for academic writing. Then do Task 3 on page 206.

20. Unit 10 The Study of Politics as a Science Text A Suggested answers Language building-up 1 Task 1 Specialized vocabulary Translate the following terms into Chinese. 政治学 1 political science __________ 2 comparative politics __________ 3 international relations __________ 4 political methodology ___________ 5 public policy __________ 6 public administration ___________ 比较政治 国际关系 政治学方法论 公共政策 公共行政管理

21. Unit 10 The Study of Politics as a Science Text A Suggested answers Language building-up 2 Task 1 Specialized vocabulary Translate the following sentences into English using the above terms. 1. Political Science is a social science discipline concerned with the study of the state, government and politics. 2. Comparative politics is a subfield of political science, characterized by an empirical approach based on the comparative method. 3. International relations research covers international politics, current affairs, diplomacy, and global cultures.

22. Unit 10 The Study of Politics as a Science Text A Suggested answers Language building-up 2 Task 1 Specialized vocabulary Translate the following sentences into English using the above terms. 4. Political methodology is a subfield of Political Science that studies the quantitative methods used to study politics. 5. Public policy is a governmental attempt to address a public issue. 6. One of the oldest professions, public administration has long involved logistical issues of government.

23. Unit 10 The Study of Politics as a Science Text A Suggested answers Language building-up Task 3 Formal English 1. generalized use of “you” Corrected Version: Evidence of abuse is frequently found as soon as the public administration issues are studied carefully. 2. use of contractions like couldn't, can't, isn't Corrected Version: The panel could not establish the cause of the disaster and in the end no blame was attached to the company.

24. Unit 10 The Study of Politics as a Science Text A Suggested answers Language building-up Task 3 Formal English 3. inappropriately informal language like great Corrected Version: The results of the government study were highly useful because they enabled the university to fund the new department. 4. rhetorical questions should be avoided Corrected Version: It is questionable whether the "Design School Model" provides a practical solution to the problem of strategy formulation.

25. Unit 10 The Study of Politics as a Science • Text B • Critical reading and thinking • Difficult sentences • English language for academic purpose

26. Unit 10 The Study of Politics as a Science Text B Critical reading and thinking Text Analysis The two sub-headings indicate the structure of the text: 1. The primary task of the major in political science 2. The context of political study

27. Unit 10 The Study of Politics as a Science Text B Critical reading and thinking Text Analysis Compare traditional political science education and the author’s suggestions about it. maximizing students' capacity to analyze,and even shapepolitical events andgovernmentalprocesses civic education, political socialization education for citizenship, education for public service, international relations knowledge of political science and related disciplines political scientists, good citizens the whole world, including non-Western cultures U.S.-centered

28. Unit 10 The Study of Politics as a Science Text B Critical reading and thinking Text Analysis Do Task 2 on page 211.

29. Unit 10 The Study of Politics as a Science Text B Difficult sentences • It should aim at turning politically interested and concerned students, whatever their career plans or their other interests, into politically literate college graduates. (Para. 4) → It should try to educate any college students (even if they are not political science students) who are interested in or concerned with political issues to have the basic working knowledge of political science.

30. Unit 10 The Study of Politics as a Science Text B Difficult sentences • It should equip them intellectually to comprehend and deal with their political world after graduation, in ways appropriate to their individual inclinations, be it “merely” as intelligent citizens, as journalists, as active participants in business or in electoral politics, as candidates for office or as public officials, or even as academic political scientists. (Para. 4) → It should help them after graduation from college to understand and handle political issues in ways that satisfy their personal goals which can vary from just being an intelligent citizen, to being a journalist, an active participant of business or politics, or even being a political science academian.

31. Unit 10 The Study of Politics as a Science Text B Difficult sentences • We do not believe we are abandoning or short-changing them. (Para. 4) → We do not think we are giving up on students or just not doing our best to educate them.

32. Unit 10 The Study of Politics as a Science Text B Difficult sentences • It is incumbent on political science to communicate not just the fact of ethnic and cultural pluralism, but some sense of the rapidly growing, intricate global interdependence of the lives and activities of all the world’s nations and people. (Para.5) → It is the duty of political science to not just tell students that there are many ethnic groups and different cultures in the world, but also to develop their awareness of how these groups and cultures are increasingly becoming interdependent of each other.

33. Unit 10 The Study of Politics as a Science Text B Difficult sentences • …political power realities of a bygone era… (Para. 6) → … the past political power realities that is no longer the reality… • how specific cultural biases color their own outlooks as well as those of “others” (Para. 9) → …how specific cultural biases blind them to their own point of views and those of people who they see as others

34. Unit 10 The Study of Politics as a Science Text B English language for academic purpose Specialized vocabulary and Collocations civic education political socialization governmental actions electoral politics public officials population explosion bygone era minority groups acquaint sb. with

35. Unit 10 The Study of Politics as a Science • Text C • Suggested answers

36. Unit 10 The Study of Politics as a Science Text C Suggested answers Task Write the full names of the following acronyms(首字母缩写词) with the help of the text or dictionaries. UN: ________________________________________ UNCED:_________________________________________ NGO:________________________________________ WSSD:_______________________________________ EDC:_________________________________________ LDC:_________________________________________ United Nations UN Conference on Environment and Development non-Government Organization World Summit on Sustainable Development Economically developed country Least Developed Country

37. Unit 10 The Study of Politics as a Science • Listening • Listening tasks

38. Unit 10 The Study of Politics as a Science Listening Academic activities integrated practice Review what academic listening strategies we have covered in the previous units. Do Task 1 and Task 2 on pages 214-215.

39. Unit 10 The Study of Politics as a Science Listening Listening tasks Task 1 Why are people poor? Task 2 Listen to the lecture again and complete the notes according to what you have heard. people were poor because it was their fate. people were poor because they were not working hard. the culture of poverty view Neo-Marxist view

40. Unit 10 The Study of Politics as a Science Listening Listening tasks Task 3 Listen to the lecture for a third time and complete the sentences according to what you have heard. 1. The poverty line is the below which people cannot afford to they require to live. 2. People were poor because they were . That’s how they were born. 3. The poor seemed to be thriftless, , undisciplined, and , and morals. 4. So the first view seems to be that people are poor because of whereas the second view seems to suggest that they have the because of their poverty. level of income purchase the resources supposed to be poor lazy lacked initiative their culture particular way of life

41. Unit 10 The Study of Politics as a Science • Speaking • Speaking skills

42. Unit 10 The Study of Politics as a Science Speaking Improve your delivery →eye contact →posture →movements →gesture →note-cards →volume

43. Unit 10 The Study of Politics as a Science Speaking Presentation checklist Have I practiced several times? Did I get feedback from a peer? Have I timed the presentation? Do I introduce myself? Do I maintain eye contact? Do I explain my visuals? Do I pause sometimes and check for understanding? Do I use correct pronunciation? Am I using appropriate volume so that everyone can hear?

44. Unit 10 The Study of Politics as a Science • Writing • Abstract • Acknowledgements

45. Unit 10 The Study of Politics as a Science Writing Abstract An abstract includes the following components in a brief way: a topic research questions methods results and conclusions

46. Unit 10 The Study of Politics as a Science Writing Acknowledgements Give thanks to those who have helped you at any stage in the research or writing-up process. Use a variety of sentence structures and vocabulary to make the acknowledgements more interesting.