Crossing the Bridge to Nanomanufacturing

1. Crossing the Bridge to Nanomanufacturing Tech 2003 Speakers: Marcene Sonneborn Kirk Wardell May 7, 2003

2. Topics in This Session • Nanotechnology Basics • The Vision, The Promise and the Threat • NanoManufacturing • The Reality and the Opportunity

3. Fundamental Drivers of Change in the 21st Century • Information Technology • Materials Science • Energy • Biotechnology/Genetics • Environmental Issues

4. What is Nanotechnology? • 1987 • “The art and science of manipulating and rearranging individual atoms to create useful materials, devices, and systems” • Jack Uldrich, “The Next Big Thing is Really Small – How Nanotechnology will Change the Future of your Business,” 2003

5. Building With Molecules • Fabricating a product, molecule by molecule • Computerized manipulation of materials at atomic or molecular level • 100% control of our materials

6. What is “Nanotechnology”? • Coined in 1974 by Norio Taniguchi at the University of Tokyo • Based on the scaling down of existing technologies to the next level of precision and miniaturization. • Actually a multitude of rapidly emerging technologies

7. Physics Chemistry Engineering Life Sciences Mathematics Materials Science Computer Science Electronics Optics Imaging Multiple Technologies

8. Nano- materials medicine biotechnology lithography electronics magnetics robots Biodevices biomolecular machinery AI MEMS MicroElectroMechanical Systems NEMS NanoElectroMechanical Systems Biomimetic Materials Microencapsulation Many others Related and interwoven fields include, but are not limited to:

9. IS THIS SCIENCE FICTION? • 1959 - vision of Richard Feynman, Physicist • 1996 Nobel prize was awarded to Richard Smalley, Rice University • Billions being spent on research • MIT • University of Tokyo • Hottest research in military R&D, government sponsored health research

10. Richard FeynmanWritten with Dip-Pen Nanolithography

11. Nanotechnology We are at the point of connecting machines to individual cells Atoms <1 nm Cells thousands of nm DNA ~2.5 nm

12. Nanoscale is More Accurate • “Nano" • a Greek prefix meaning "one-billionth" • Basic unit of measure is a nanometer (nm) • a metric prefix that indicates a billionth part (10-9). • Nanoscale - characteristic dimensions are less than about 1,000 nanometers

13. “Just How Small is It?” • If a nanometer were scaled to the width of your little fingernail… • Your fingernail would be the size of Delaware • Your thumb would be the size of Florida

14. Nanoscale Science • Not a technology - it’s materials science • Features as small as one nanometer • one-billionth of a meter, or • a hundred-thousandth the width of a human hair • Hemoglobin = 6.5nm • Viruses are 10-100 nm • Human hair = 100,000nm

15. Nanoguitar – Cornell University • Ten microns (10 x 10-6 m) long, about the size of a red blood cell. • Thickness of a human hair is about 20 times the length of this guitar. • The "strings" (rods of silicon) are 50 nm wide or about 100 atoms across.

16. The Potential • Many scientists believe that soon—maybe 50 years from now—tiny robots … will be able to build or repair anything at the atomic and molecular level. • http://www.physicscentral.com/action/action-00-1-print.html

17. Potential of the Research • Improved electronic devices • cheaper flat-screen televisions • palm-size computers that recognize speech • Magnetic storage disks that could hold 100,000 times more data than current disks

18. The Vision • In the next 50 years, machines will get increasingly smaller--so small that thousands of these tiny machines would fit into the period at the end of this sentence.

19. The Vision • Within a few decades, we will use these nanomachines to manufacture consumer goods at the molecular level… • Make baseballs, telephones, cars, etc. in the same company

20. Fly’s eye and microfabricated device

21. If we can manipulate single atoms… …the results could lead to a revolution in computing, electronics, energy, materials design, manufacturing, medicine, and numerous other fields.

22. Vision - Hype or Potential? • “Nanotechnology – the next big thing” • Investors beware! • Self-Assembly • Microscopic computer that assembles itself, atom by atom, then calculates at a speed faster than today's zippiest electronic chips

23. Self Assembly Uses Forces in Nature • Chemical attraction • Chemical bonds • Water-repellant • Biological attraction • Transfer of material through cell walls, DNA • Antibody-antigen reaction • Physical attraction • Magnetic fields • Electron charges

24. Self-Assembly at Millimeter Scales • Molecules want to form structures • Coded to do this • Order/complexity is “built in” to the components • Low energy requirements • Simple when it works, but don’t yet know the rules for how things aggregate • 5mm plastic self-assembled light-emitting diode (fits on a penny) • Whitesides, 2000

25. Molecular Nanotechnology • Molecular machines able to build objects to complex atomic specifications • Possibilities include: • molecular manufacturing systems able to construct computers smaller than living cells, • devices able to repair cells, • diamond-based structural materials, and • other molecular manufacturing systems.

26. Smallest object ever created by humans was sculpted by two laser beams focused across resin. The resin solidified only where the lasers crossed. Created by a team of researchers at Osaka University in Japan, the bull measures 10 microns from horns to tail, and seven microns across (1 micron = 1000 nm).

27. Nano Bull • Could sit on a single human blood cell • Can fabricate any structure of design. • Another team at Osaka University is developing devices to be implanted into the human body • Hope to combine the two techniques • Cell surgery or blood cell reparation

28. The Promise • Promises to be a new Industrial Revolution. • Global market for nanotech products to reach $700 billion by 2008 • Cheap products • 100% recyclable • The leanest manufacturing ever!!

29. VISIONS OF LIFE • Nanotechnology makes better social and economic conditions possible: • Every product made to customer specifications • Food plentiful • Diseases cured (Nanobiotechnology) • Clean up toxic waste • Create clean energy and bountiful clean water

30. C60 • “buckyballs” or fullerenes • Can encapsulate things • Many interesting properties • Superconductivity

31. Carbon Nanotubes • Tubes 10,000 X thinner than a human hair • An electronic device based on a single rolled-up sheet of carbon atoms • Discovered in 1991 by researchers at NEC • Potential for use as minuscule wires or in ultra-small electronic devices.

33. Nanotubes • Mechanically strong - held by covalent bonds • Folds and buckles but does not snap • Hollow interiors - put things inside them • Different radius • Tube is stable and won’t react on the outside • Conductive and respond to electrical fields

34. Carbon Nanotube Transistor • May 2002: Researchers built the world's first array of transistors out of carbon nanotubes -- tiny cylinders of carbon atoms that measure as small as 10 atoms across and are 500 times smaller than today's silicon-based transistors. • The breakthrough is a new batch process for forming large numbers of nanotube transistors.

35. The Threat • Displacing mature technologies • Disruptive in the workplace and the economy • Unintended consequences • Social impacts

36. “Today’s science fiction is often tomorrow’s science fact.” -Stephen Hawking

37. NANOTECH TRENDS • Convergence of computers, networks, biotech will create products never before imagined • Nanodevices will be invisible, intelligent and powerful • Used in every industry defining the limits of what is possible

38. NANOTECH TRENDS • Smaller than the head of a pin, surgical nanobots will operate from within the human body • Nano-biology will prolong life, prevent illness, and increase people’s health

39. NANOTECH SIGNS • StuffDust (nano-product created by San Francisco-based company minus9) • Marks objects and materials with serial numbers invisible to the naked eye - easily read with an optical microscope • Composed of micron-scale particles • Smaller than human hair • Carries a serial number • Marketed as efficient and secure way to mark computers, currency, explosives, toxic waste, etc. • New way to thwart thieves and improve inventory controls and manufacturing

40. NANOTECH SIGNS • World’s first implantable micro-machine, insulin-dispensing device was developed in 1998 • Miniature cochlea ear implants are giving back hearing to thousands of people • Cornell scientist created a nano-sized guitar to demonstrate the scale at which we can manipulate molecules today

41. VISIONS OF LIFE • Organic nano-engineering: • Computer biochips with organic materials to replace silicon • Viruses and proteins as molecular machines or nanofactories to build commercial products • New drug development

42. VISIONS OF LIFE • Synthetic DNA (nanogeonomics) to use for creating cloned life forms, robotics, human organs, and hybrid synthetic/organic compounds • Nano-informatics - use of advanced computers to “grow” nano-engineered products from informational models

43. Nanotechnology – What is it? • Rearrange matter with atomic precision • Central thesis of nanotechnology is that almost any chemically stable structure that is not specifically disallowed by the laws of physics can in fact be built.

44. Researchers have been building tiny motors inspired by machinery inside living cells. • These biomolecular motors run on adenosine triphosphate, or ATP, the same energy-rich molecule that powers chemical reactions within cells.

45. The Promise – Nanotechnology should let us: • Get every atom in the right place. • Make almost any structure consistent with the laws of physics that we can specify in molecular detail. • Have manufacturing costs not greatly exceeding the cost of the required raw materials and energy.

46. Health Issues • Some nanoparticles are so small, they can slip past the immune system or directly into the brain, bypassing the selective blood-brain barrier. • Makes nanoparticles useful for delivering much-needed drugs • But they might also deliver toxins.

47. Environmental Studies • Studying how nano-structured membranes could screen pesticides and harmful bacteria from water supplies. • Other scientists are developing low-cost, nano-scale iron hydroxide granules to remove arsenic from drinking water. • Still others have suggested that nano-sized sensors could help detect pollutants or monitor and correct changes in the ozone layer.

48. “If it can be done, it will be done” • “The same kinds of sweeping patents that have allowed biotech firms to "own life," in effect, may allow nanotech firms to "own" the building blocks of the entire physical world” • Hope Shand, director of research in the ETC Group, Carrboro, N.C.

49. Thank You

50. Crossing the Bridge to Nanomanufacturing Tech 2003 Speakers: Marcene Sonneborn Kirk Wardell May 7, 2003