CH 10-1 NOTES

1. CH 10-1 NOTES BUILDING A NATIONAL IDENTITY

2. VOCABULARY • 1. CHARTER : a legal document giving certain rights to a person or company. • 2. DUMPING: is selling goods in another country below market prices. • 3. CONTRACT: is an agreement between two or more parties that can be enforced by law.

3. VOCABULARY • 4. INDUSTRY: The making or producing of goods by a business or factory. • 5. CAPITALISM: the economic system in which privately owned businesses compete in a free market. • 6. INTERSTATE COMMERCE: trade between two or more states.

4. The First 5 U.S. Presidents Democratic-Republican Democratic-Republican Democratic-Republican Non-partisan Federalist

5. THE ERA OF GOOD FEELINGS • This is the time following the War of 1812 when the United States had a period of national unity.

6. THE ERA OF GOOD FEELINGS • James Monroe became the 5th president of the United States. • The republicans took control of the government and this was a time when there was very little political party tension. • With little tension, the government was able to focus on rebuilding the economy.

7. BUILDING A NATIONAL ECONOMY: • Many Americans believed that the federal government should take action to increase economic prosperity in ALL regions of the United States. • The War of 1812 helped to encourage American industry. Because of the British blockade, Americans realized they needed to find a way to produce their own goods/products.

8. 2 PROBLEMS: 1- needed a new national bank to regulate money. 2- American businesses were competing with foreign countries.

9. 2 SOLUTIONS: 1. THE SECOND BANK OF THE UNITED STATES is created: • - When the charter for the first bank of the U.S. ended, the economy suffered. • - State banks were making too many loans and issuing too much money. • To fix this Congress established the second bank of the United States.

10. 2. THE TARIFF OF 1816: • - After the War of 1812, British manufacturers looked to sell their goods to Americans. • - The British could produce goods more cheaply than Americans because of their well established factories & businesses. • - They were dumping or selling their goods to Americans for cheaper than the American businesses could sell them. This caused dozens of New England businesses to fail. (go out of business)

11. THE TARIFF OF 1816: • - Congress and President Monroe passed the Tariff of 1816, • which put a tax on foreign textiles, iron, leather goods, paper and other products. • - This was meant to encourage Americans to “buy American”. • - The North liked this because it helped their business. • - The South were angry because now they had to pay more money.

13. HENRY CLAY’S AMERICAN SYSTEM: • Henry Clay worked to try and get the whole country to support the governments plan for the economy. • He argued that the tariff would help the South because with more money the Northerners could buy more farm products.

14. HENRY CLAY’S AMERICAN SYSTEM: • He argued the revenue could also give the government money to build up infrastructure- roads, bridges, and canals in the South and West. • * The South did NOT agree with Henry Clay. They continue to oppose the Tariff. • From this point forward we start to see increase divisions between the Northern states and the southern states *

15. Checkpoint! • The building of roads, bridges and canals is called __________________________. • 2) The economic system in which privately owned businesses compete in a free market is called __________________________. • 3) The selling of goods in another country below market price is known as __________________________. • 4) Why did the Southern States NOT like the Tariff? • 5) How did British dumping hurt American business?

16. CH 10-2 NOTES DEALING WITH OTHER NATIONS “ In the wars of the European powers in matters relating to themselves we have never taken any part… We owe it, Therefore, to candor and to the amicable relations existing between the United States and those powers to declare that we should consider any attempt on their part to extend their system to any portion of this hemisphere as dangerous to our peace and safety.” ~ President James Monroe, Address to Congress, 1823

17. VOCAB: • 1. CEDE: means to give up, like to give up land to another nation. • 2. SELF GOVERNMENT: the right for people to rule themselves independently.

18. KEY PEOPLE: • - James Monroe: 5th President of the United States, wrote the Monroe Doctrine. • - Andrew Jackson: American army commander, who helped the United States gain Florida from Spain.

19. RELATIONS WITH SPAIN: • - Spain’s control was especially weak in Florida. • - Escaped slaves from the South were living in Florida and belonged to the Seminole (Native American) nation. • - The Seminoles would attack American Settlements.

20. RELATIONS WITH SPAIN: • - Andrew Jackson was sent to recapture escaped slaves and to stop the Seminoles. In doing so, he proved that the United States could take over Florida if they wanted to. • *-* Spain’s inabilityto defend Florida led it to turn the colony over to the United States. • - In 1819, Spain ceded or gave up Florida to the United States.

21. SPANISH COLONIES WIN INDEPENDENCE: • - The American and French Revolutions had inspired Latin Americans who wanted to gain their own independence from Spain. • - A series of revolts allowed almost all Latin American colonies to win their independence from Spain and Portugal.

22. SPANISH COLONIES WIN INDEPENDENCE: • - In 1821 Spain agreed to Mexico’s independence. They eventually write a constitution and pattern themselves after the United States.

23. SPANISH COLONIES WIN INDEPENDENCE: • - South Americawas also wanting a revolutionary change. • - Led by Simon Bolivaroften called the liberator for his role in leading independence movements, Northern South America gained their independence. Including what is today Columbia, Venezuela, Ecuador, and Panama. • - In 1822 Brazil announced their independence from Portugal. • ** By 1825, most parts of Latin America had thrown off European rule **

24. THE MONROE DOCTRINE: • - Several Europeancountries were not happy with the newly independent nations in North and South America. • - Many threatened to help Spain regain its colonies, this worried Monroe and his Secretary of State John Quincy Adams. • - In 1823 James Monroe presented Congress with the Monroe Doctrine, in it the United States warned European nations against reestablishing colonies in Latin America. • - It said that the U.S. would consider any attempt “dangerous to our peace and safety”. In other words the U.S. would be willing to go to warto keep Europe out of the Americas.

26. RELATIONS WITH CANADA: • - In 1791, Canada was mostly broken up into 2 parts: Upper Canada was mostly English, ruled by the British Lower Canada was mostly French, ruled by France. • - Most Canadians were wanting to be self-governing which means to have the right to rule themselves independently. • - The Act of the Union in 1841, merged Canada back into one whole and let the colonies be ruled by a Canadian legislature. However Britain still had ultimate control! • - Following the War of 1812, the United States and the British were able to solve most of their border disputes. The relations between The U.S. and their Northern neighbor remain strong even today.

27. 10-3 NOTESTHE AGE OF JACKSON

28. VOCABULARY: • 1. Suffrage: the right to vote • 2. Caucus: a meeting of members of a political party. • 3. Nominating Convention: large meetings of party delegates to choose candidates for office.

29. John Quincy Adams v. Andrew JacksonThe Election of 1824 • - The Election of 1824 clearly marked the end of the Era of Good Feelings. • - The election was very controversial: - Adams & Jackson tied for popular votes. - Jackson won the most electoral votes but not the majority. However because they tied for popular vote the House of Representatives would have to decide on the outcome of the election.

32. John Quincy Adams v. Andrew JacksonThe Election of 1824 • - Speaker of the House, Henry Clay convinced the House to vote for Adams. In return Adams appointed Clay to be Secretary of State. • - Thus John Quincy Adams became the 6th president of the United States. • - Andrew Jackson was angered; he called the situation a “corrupt bargain” • Many of his supporters agreed and refused to give their support to John Quincy Adams. • - Like his father, Adams never won the trust of the American people. As a result he only served one term.

33. THE AGE OF JACKSON BEGINS • - Andrew Jackson was deeply admired by millions of Americans. He stood for the idea that ordinary people should participate in American politics. • - When Jackson won the 1828 election to become the 7th president of the United States, the people called it a victory for the “common man”. • - The people nicknamed Jackson Old Hickory because of his strength and leadership as an army commander.

34. - Many look back at Jackson’s presidency as the opening of a new and more democratic era in American political life. VOTING POLICIES • - During this time voting varied (was different) slightly from state to state. • - However Andrew Jackson took steps to extend suffrage (the right to vote) to all white American males, eliminating the requirement that they must own property.

35. *** Suffrage was still restricted: women, Native Americans, and African Americans (slaves or free) could still not vote *** • So in a lot of ways American democracy was really still restricted!

36. NEW POLITICAL PARTIES • - The Age of Jackson brought back the two-party political system that had briefly ended during the Era of Good Feelings. • - Jackson’s supporters were known as the democrats. (Wanted more democratic government) • - Anti-Jackson supporters became known as the Whigs.

38. - With the re-start of the political party system came a new way for choosing presidential candidates: • - Previously, candidates were chosen by members of Congress who held a caucus- a meeting of members of a political party. ** This was only Congress members from that party, --so a select few ** • - To make the election more democratic - Political Parties began to hold nominating convention - large meetings of party delegates to choose their candidates for president. ** This convention would be open to ALL members of the political party **

39. CRITICS OF JACKSON • - Jackson’s belief in equality and democracy left out many people including Native Americans, as we will see with the Indian Removal Act (section 4). • - The anti-Jacksonians or Whigs also did not like how Jackson replaced many government employees with his own supporters. ***This act became known as the spoils system - the practice of rewarding government jobs to loyal supporters of the party that wins an election. ** this had been going on long before Jackson was president ** • - The name comes from the saying “to the victor goes the spoils” (or rewards)

40. CH 10-4 NOTESINDIAN REMOVAL

41. NATIVE AMERICANS OF THE SOUTHEAST UNITED STATES • - When Andrew Jacksonbecame President, more than 100,000 Native Americans still lived east of the Mississippi River. • - Many of these Native Americans were farmers or lived in towns.

42. NATIVE AMERICANS OF THE SOUTHEAST UNITED STATES • - The Cherokees were especially unique because they had abandoned their traditions and adopted “white” American customs. This led to an ultimate feeling of betrayal. • - They dressed like white Americans • - They lived in houses like white Americans • - They started businesses • - They converted to Christianity • - They became educated in English and even wrote a constitution modeled after the United States Constitution.

43. CONFLICT OVER LAND • - To Jackson and other government leaders the presence of Native Americans in the Southeast stood in the way of westward expansion. • - Also the Natives lived on fertileland which the white settlers wanted for starting plantations. “All I ask in this creationIs a pretty little wife and a big plantationWay up yonder in the Cherokee Nation.” Popular folk song, 1820s.

44. - Indian Removal dated back to the Presidency of Thomas Jeffersonwho would try and convince Natives that moving west was the only way to preserve their traditions. However by the 1820s white southerners were demanding that all the Native Americans be removed by forceand pushed west of the Mississippi River. • - Urged by Jackson, Congress passed the INDIAN REMOVAL ACT.

45. - Educated Cherokee leaders brought cases to the Supreme Court to argue against the Indian Removal Act. • - The Supreme Court ruled in favor of the Native Americans. They used treaties that had been previously signed between the Cherokee and the United States promising land to the Cherokee to back up their decision. • - Jackson ignored the decision.

46. TRAIL OF TEARS: • - Native Americans were forced to move west under terrible conditions. • - Believing they had no other choice, most Native Americans moved west to what became known as Indian Territory (Oklahoma). • - The Cherokees held out until they had to finally be forcefully removed by American soldiers. By this time Andrew Jackson had served his 2-terms and Martin Van Buren had become the 8th President of the United States.

47. TRAIL OF TEARS: • - The route they took became known as the Trail of Tears because they were forced to march hundreds of miles in horrible conditions. • - They were not provided with enough tents, food, blankets, shoes or other supplies. • - Soldiers treated them harshly along the way many were attacked and beaten for trying to stand up for themselves.

48. TRAIL OF TEARS: • - They were forced to spend the night locked in stockades which provided little shelter. • - Diseases spread quickly. • - Thousands of Native Americans died along the way.

49. CH 10-5 NotesSTATES’ RIGHTS and THE ECONOMY

50. Vocabulary & Key Terms: • 1. States’ Rights: The right of states to limit the power of the federal government. • 2. Nullification: an action by a state that cancels a federal law to which the state objects.