BELLWORK: Block 2

1. For today’s bellwork, you will define important vocabulary words that relate to the development of early civilizations. Monarchy Dynasty Bureaucracy Empire Polytheism THINKER: In your opinion, what was the biggest change or shift that took place during the Neolithic Revolution? Explain! BELLWORK: Block 2

2. Map Quiz Friday!!! Are you ready???

3. Our first civilization of study is the earliest civilization in history – Ancient Egypt. As early as 5000 B.C., people settled around the Nile River. As time progressed, Egyptians created their own governments, empires, culture, and history. Ancient Egypt

4. The NILE RIVER , the longest river in the world (4,132 miles), flows north from the heart of Africa to the Mediterranean Sea. Its flood plain was a magnet for life -- human, plant and animal. Humans were drawn there because they could grow crops and settle into permanent villages.

5. TRANSPORTATION: The Nile River was the highway that joined the country together. Up until the nineteenth century, travel by land was virtually unknown.

6. For centuries, THENILE RIVER FLOODED THE VALLEY, covering the land with a thick layer of fertile soil. Flooding occurred from July to September and marked the change of seasons. The Egyptians saw this as a blessing and it is still celebrated in Egypt today!

7. Bounded on the south, east and west by an impenetrable desert, and on the north by the sea, ANCIENT EGYPT was protected from outside influences, which allowed it to evolve in its own unique way.

8. Ancient Egypt • You will now read more specifically about the advances of Ancient Egypt. (Nile River Valley) • While reading, you will complete “mind map” notes! • A mind map, or note web, is a strategy used to organize notes in a visual way. • Follow the guidelines on the board. • Pages 30-34

9. BELLWORK: August 19th • Who was Narmer? Why was he important? • Why did Egypt go into a period of decline? • Who was Ramses II? Why was he important? • Explain the successes of Thutmose III during the New Kingdom. • THINKER: List five aspects of Egyptian culture. • When you are finished, you may study your Asia map. We will take the quiz shortly!

10. Tombs Sheets of papyrus Wooden boards covered with a stucco wash Pots Fragments of limestone. The word HIEROGLYPH literally means "sacred carvings". The Egyptians first used hieroglyphs for inscriptions carved or painted on temple walls. This form of PICTORIAL WRITING was also used on:

11. MATHEMATICS: Although the Egyptians lacked the symbol for zero, they calculated numbers based on the DECIMAL and the repetitive (numbers based on the POWER OF 10). The following signs were used to represent numbers in the decimal system Numbers were usually written LEFT TO RIGHT, starting with the highest denominator. For example, in the number 2,525 the first number to appear on the left would be 2000, then 500, 20 and 5, as follows: The Egyptians did not develop abstract mathematical formulas. They used the simplearithmetic of ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION

12. ASTRONOMY: Like many ancient peoples, the Egyptians studied the night sky, taking measurements from the stars to accurately align their pyramids and sun temples with the earth’s four cardinal points. The GREAT PYRAMID AT GIZA provides an example. This remarkable building has a footprint of over 13 acres and consists of approximately 6.5 million limestone blocks. Its four sides are accurately aligned to face north, east, south, and west, with an error of less than half a degree. They are also virtually identical in length, with less than a 20 cm (8 inch) variance between one side and another.

13. Egyptian Architecture • The ancient Egyptians built their pyramids, tombs, temples and palaces out of STONE, the most durable of all building materials. • These building projects took a high degree of architectural and engineering skill, and the organization of a large workforce consisting of highly trained craftsmen, laborers, and peasants.

19. Ramp on pyramid

20. Stone block on sled

21. GOVERNMENT and RELIGION were inseparable in ancient Egypt. The PHARAOH was the head of State and the divine representative of the gods on earth. • Religion and government brought order to society through: • The construction of TEMPLES • The creation of LAWS • TAXATION • The ORGANIZATION OF LABOR • TRADE with neighbors • The DEFENCE of the country’s interests.

22. To reinforce their image as powerful divine rulers, the PHARAOHS represented themselves in writings and sculptured reliefs on temple walls. They often DEPICTED THEMSELVES AS WARRIORS who single-handedly killed scores of enemies and slaughtered a whole pride of lions.

23. Narmer Hatshepsut Thutmose III

25. Ramses II “Ramses the Great” Amenhotep IV

26. Entering a Temple

29. The ancient Egyptians believed in the RESURRECTION OF THE BODY and life everlasting. This belief was rooted in what they observed each day. The sun fell into the western horizon each evening and was reborn the next morning in the east. New life sprouted from grains planted in the earth, and the moon waxed and waned. As long as order was maintained, everything was highly dependable and life after death could be achieved. But there were certain conditions. For example, the body had to be preserved through MUMMIFICATION and given a properly furnished tomb with everything needed for life in the afterworld.

30. Video Clips • Quarry: A deep pit from which stones are extracted/taken • How were the pyramids built? • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lotbZQ55SgU • How were corpses mummified? • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nh-1eTd2c4o

31. “Tomb of the Gods:” The Pyramids of Giza • We are now going to watch a video on how the pyramids were made and what they were used for. • Follow along with the video and answer all the questions on the board in your notes.

32. Possibility instead of the mind map: Jigsaw Readings • Egyptian Monarchy & Egyptian Empire (pgs. 30-31) • Decline/Recovery, Daily life in Egypt & Egyptian Religion (pgs. 31-32) • Writing with pictures, Achievements in Science & Northeastern Kingdoms (pgs. 32-34)