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Multicast over Wireless Mobile Ad Hoc Networks: Present and Future Directions

Multicast over Wireless Mobile Ad Hoc Networks: Present and Future Directions. Carlos de Morais Cordeiro, Hrishikesh Gossain, and Dharma P. Agrawal University of Cincinnati --------------------------------------------------------------

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Multicast over Wireless Mobile Ad Hoc Networks: Present and Future Directions

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  1. Multicast over Wireless Mobile Ad Hoc Networks: Present and Future Directions Carlos de Morais Cordeiro, Hrishikesh Gossain, and Dharma P. Agrawal University of Cincinnati -------------------------------------------------------------- From : Network, IEEE , Volume: 17 , Issue: 1 , Jan.-Feb. 2003 Pages:52 - 59 Professor:Fang-Rong Hsu Presenter: 林士斌 (M9316928)

  2. Outlines: • Introduction & Motivation. • Why need Multicast for MANET. • Multicast Routing Protocols. • Comparison protocols and open problems. • Q & A

  3. Introduction & Motivation • A Mobile Ad hoc Network(MANET) consists of mobile platforms, which are free to move arbitrarily. In a MANET the nodes are mobile, and internodes connectivity may change frequently due to mobility of nodes. • Efficiently combine the features of a MANET with the usefulness of multicasting, it will be possible to realize a number of envisioned group-oriented applications.

  4. Definition about MANET • A mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is an autonomous system of mobile hosts (also serving as routers) connected by wireless links, the union of which forms a communication network modeled in the form of an arbitrary communication graph D. P. Agrawal and Q-A. Zeng, Introduction to Wireless and Mobile Systems, Brooks/Cole, 2003.

  5. Why need to develop new protocol for multicast MANET • Protocols that to offer efficient multicasting service in conventional wired networks having been designed for fixed networks, may fail to keep up with node move­ments and frequent topology changes in a MANET.

  6. Key challenges of wireless mobile multicasting • Multicast group members can move, thus precluding the use of a fixed multicast topology. • Transient loops may form during reconfiguration of distribution structure (e.g., tree) as a result of the mobility.

  7. Classify mobile multicast routing protocol • Tree-based Approaches. • Mesh-based Approaches. • Stateless Multicast. • Hybrid Approaches.

  8. Introduction of Tree-based Approaches • Tree-based multicast is a very well established concept in wired networks. Most schemes for providing multicast in wired networks are either source or shared-tree-based. So many researchers have tried to extend the tree-based approach to provide multicast in a MANET environment.

  9. Tree-based Approaches(一) • Ad Hoc Multicast Routing Protocol Utilizing Increasing ID Numbers (AMRIS) : AMRIS is an on-demand protocol that constructs a shared multicast delivery tree (Figure 1) to support multiple senders and receivers in a multicast session. AMRIS dynamically assigns an ID number to each node in each multicast session. Based on the ID number, a multicast delivery tree — rooted at a special node with Smallest-ID (Sid) — is created, and the ID number increases as the tree expands from the Sid. Generally, Sid is the source or the node that initiates a multicast session. C. W. Wu, Y.C. Tay, and C.-K. Toh, “Ad Hoc Multicast Routing Protocol Utilizing Increasing id-numberS (AMRIS) Functional Specification,” Internet draft, Nov. 1998.

  10. Figure 1. AMRIS packet forwarding (X and 34 are sources; 11, 24, and 28 are recipients).

  11. Message types of AMRIS • NEW-SESSION • JOIN-REQS • JOIN-ACK

  12. Tree-based Approaches(二) • Multicast Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (MAODV) Protocol : MAODV routing protocol follows directly from unicast AODV, and discovers multicast routes on demand using a broadcast route discovery mechanism. (Figure 2) E. M. Royer and C. E. Perkins, “Multicast Operation of the Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector Routing Protocol,” ACM MOBICOM, Aug. 1999, pp. 207–18.

  13. Figure 2. Route discovery in the MAODV protocol.

  14. Tree-based Approaches(三) • Lightweight Adaptive Multicast : The Lightweight Adaptive Multicast (LAM) protocol draws on the Core-Based Tree (CBT) algorithm and Temporal Ordering Routing Algorithm (TORA) in order to provide multicast services. L. Ji and M. Scott Corson, “A Lightweight Adaptive Multicast Algorithm,”GLOBECOM 1998, pp. 1036–42.

  15. Tree-based Approaches(四) • Location Guided Tree Construction Algorithm for Small Group Multicast : Location Guided Tree (LGT) is a small group multicast scheme based on packet encapsulation. It builds an overlay multicast packet distribution tree on top of the under­lying unicast routing protocol. Multicast data is encapsulated in a unicast packet and transmitted only among the group nodes. It is based on the construction of two types of tree, location-guided k-array (LGK) and location-guided Steiner (LGS). K. Chen and K. Nahrstedt, “Effective Location-Guided Tree Construction Algorithms for Small Group Multicast in MANET,”Proc. INFOCOM, 2002, pp. 1180–89.

  16. Introduction of Mesh-based Approaches • In contrast to a tree-based approach, mesh-based multicast protocols may have multiple paths between any source and receiver pair.

  17. Mesh-based Approaches(一) • On-Demand Multicast Routing Protocol (ODMRP) : ODMRP is a mesh-based protocol that uses a forwarding group concept . In ODMRP, group membership and multicast routes are established and updated by the source on demand. M. Gerla, S.-J. Lee, and W. Su. “On-Demand Multicast Routing Protocol(ODMRP) for Ad Hoc Networks,” Internet draft, draft-ietf-manet-odmrp-02.txt, 2000.

  18. Figure 4. Mesh creation in ODMRP

  19. Mesh-based Approaches(二) • Core-Assisted Mesh Protocol : The Core-Assisted Mesh Protocol (CAMP) supports multicasting by creating a shared mesh for each multicast group. CAMP borrows concepts from CBT, but unlike CBT where all traffic flows through the core node, the core nodes in CAMP are used to limit the control traffic needed for receivers to join multicast groups. J. J. Garcia-Luna-Aceves and E.L. Madruga, “The Core-Assisted Mesh Protocol,”IEEE JSAC, Aug. 1999, pp. 1380–94.

  20. Modes of node in CAMP • Simplex • Duplex • Nonmember

  21. Mesh-based Approaches(三) • Forwarding Group Multicast Protocol (FGMP) : FGMP can be viewed as flooding with “limited scope,” wherein the flooding is contained within selected forwarding group (FG) nodes. Uses two approaches to elect and maintain FG of forwarding nodes: FGMP-RA (receiver advertising) and FGMP-SA (sender advertising). C.-C. Chiang, M. Gerla, and L. Zhang, “Forwarding Group Multicast Protocol (FGMP) for Multihop, Mobile Wireless Networks,”AJ. Cluster Comp, Special Issue on Mobile Computing, vol. 1, no. 2, 1998, pp. 187–96.

  22. Introduction of Stateless Multicast • Stateless multicast is proposed wherein a source explicitly mentions the list of destinations in the packet header. Stateless multicast focuses on small group multicast and assumes the underlying routing protocol to take care of forwarding the packet to respective destinations based on the addresses contained in the header.

  23. Approach of Stateless Multicast • Differential Destination Multicast : The Differential Destination Multicast (DDM) protocol is meant for small multi­cast groups operating in dynamic networks of any size. DDM source encodes multi­cast receiver addresses in multicast data packets using a special DDM data header. L. Ji, and M. S. Corson, “Differential Destination Multicast — A MANET Multicast Routing Protocol for Small Groups,”Proc. INFOCOM, 2001, pp. 1192–02.

  24. Two types of packet in DDM • Control packet • Data packet

  25. Five types of DDM’s control packet • JOIN • ACK • LEAVE • RSYNC • CTRL_DATA

  26. Introduction of Hybrid Approaches • Tree-based approaches provide high data for­warding efficiency at the expense of low robustness. • Mesh-based approaches provide better robustness (link failure may not trigger a reconfiguration) at the expense of higher forwarding overhead and increased network load. • Hybrid multicasting solution may achieve better performance by combining the advantages of both tree and meshed-based approaches.

  27. Hybrid Approaches(一) • Ad Hoc Multicast Routing Protocol : The Ad Hoc Multicast Routing Protocol (AMRoute) creates a bidirectional, shared tree using only group senders and receivers as tree nodes for data distribution. The protocol has two main components-mesh creation and tree setup E. Bommaiah et al., “AMRoute: Ad hoc Multicast Routing Protocol,” Internet draft, Aug. 1998.

  28. Figure 5. AMRoute virtual multicast tree.

  29. Hybrid Approaches(二) • Multicast Core Extraction Distributed Ad Hoc Routing (MCEDAR) : MCEDAR is a multicast extension to the CEDAR architecture. The main idea of MCEDAR is to incorporate the efficiency of tree-based forwarding protocols and robustness of mesh-based protocols by combining the two approaches. P. Sinha, R. Sivakumar, and V. Bharghavan, “MCEDAR: Multicast Core-Extraction Distributed Ad hoc Routing,”IEEE Wireless Commun. and Net. Conf., Sept. 1999, pp. 1313–17.

  30. Comparison of ad hoc multicast routing protocols

  31. Open Problems of ad hoc multicast protocols • Scalability • Address configuration • Quality of service(QoS) • Applications for multicast over MANET • Security • Power control

  32. Q & A

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