The Politics of the Eisenhower Era

1. The Politics of the Eisenhower Era APUSH Essential Question: In what way was Dwight Eisenhower's foreign policy different than that of Harry Truman?

2. Republicans? Dwight Eisenhower Running Mate? Election of 1952 Who did most of the campaigning for Eisenhower? Significance of the “Checkers Speech”? p. 887 Democrats? • Adlai Stevenson 

3. Election of 1952

4. Republican Senator from Wisconsin Needed a “winning” issue to be reelected in 1952 Spirit p. 441 Claimed 205 communists worked for gov’t, never produced one name In 1954 McCarthy accused the U.S. Army of sympathizing with communists What is McCarthyism? Joseph McCarthyp. 898 What tactics did McCarthy use to increase his power? Eventually censured for “improper" behavior & removed from the Senate

5. Launched by the Soviets in 1957 First man-made object to orbit the Earth Traveled around the globe once every 96 minutes What was the American reaction to Sputnik? Sputnik I

6. Eisenhower’s Foreign Policy

7. Truman vs. Eisenhower “Containment”[George Kennan] “Brinksmanship”[John Foster Dulles] • Mutual security agreements. • Massive retaliation. • M. A. D. Mutual Assured Destruction • “Domino Theory” • CIA & covert operations • Eisenhower Doctrine • “Open Skies” Spirit p. 440 • Marshall Plan • Truman Doctrine • Berlin Airlift • NATO • NSC #68 p. 878 • Korean War

9. Foreign Policy “Hot Spots” Nikita Khrushchev takes control of the U.S.S.R in 1953  EUROPE: • 1955  Warsaw Pact created. p. 898 • 1956  Hungarian Revolution. p. 898 • 1958  Berlin Crisis. • 1959  Nixon-Khrushchev “Kitchen Debate.” • 1960  U-2 Spy Incident p. 902

10. 1959  Nixon-Khrushchev “Kitchen Debate” <----- Technology & Affluence Cold War ----->Tensions

11. Warsaw Pact • Formed by the Soviet Union and their E. European satellites when W. Germany rearms and joins NATO. • Warsaw Pact is an alliance just like NATO

12. After rejection of open skies, the CIA begins to make secret high altitude flights over U.S.S.R. to spot ICBM Soviets shoot down plane U.S. denies involvement, later admits truth The U-2 Incident

13. Foreign Policy “Hot Spots” Middle East: • 1953  CIA sponsored coup in Iran p. 898 • P. M. Mohammed Mossadegh  nationalization of the Anglo-Iranian Oil Co.. • Goal: keep the P.M. from getting help($) from Soviets. CIA installs the Shah as new leader of Iran. • 1956  Suez Crisis. P. 899 • 1958  Civil War in Lebanon • 1960  OPEC formed

14. Eisenhower Doctrine • What event leads to the Eisenhower Doctrine? Soviet support of Egypt during the Suez Crisis • To balance out rising Soviet influence the U.S. issues the Eisenhower Doctrine in 1957. • Eisenhower Doctrine: The U.S. will defend the Middle East from attack by any Communist country. • President has the authority to use armed forces at his discretion to combat communist aggression.

15. Foreign Policy “Hot Spots” Latin America: • 1948  O. A. S. [Organization of American States] was created during Truman’s administration. • 1954  CIA covert ops. in Guatemala. • 1950s  Puerto Rican independence movement. • 1959  Castro’s Communist Revolution in Cuba. CIA appoints new dictator sympathetic to the U.S.

16. Foreign Policy “Hot Spots” Far East: • 1953  end of the Korean War. • 1954  French depart Indo-China. • Geneva Accords • 1964  China explodes its first atomic bomb [during LBJ’s administration].

17. Republicans? Richard Nixon Election of 1960 Democrats? • John F. Kennedy Main differences between JFK & Nixon? Significance of television on the campaign?

18. Election of 1960 The closest presidential election until? 2000