Utilizing Papain from Papaya ( Carica papaya ) Extract as Probable Anthelmintic

1. Utilizing Papain from Papaya (Carica papaya) Extract as Probable Anthelmintic Keziah Cyra B. PapasRESEARCHER

2. Chapter 1Problem and Its Settings

3. 1.1 INTRODUCTION Loathed wherever they go, parasitic worms are some of the animal kingdom’s true lowlifes. They feed of living hosts,sapping them of energy and nutrients while causing a range of horrible diseases. Fortunately, Anthelmintics has come to the rescue. Papain, an enzyme that works similarly with Bromelain is found in Papaya (Carica papaya). And this study will be focusing on utilizing Papain as probable Anthelmintic.

4. 1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM The primary purpose of this study is to determine if the Papaya (Carica papaya) can be a probable anthelmintic. • Is Papain in Papaya (Carica papaya) enough to stun or kill the helminths from the body? • In what particular concentration of Papain does the helminths in the body become stunned? • What particular parasitic worms can Papain stun or kill?

5. 1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY This study’s goal is to do the following: • To determine if Papain in Papaya (Carica papaya) is enough to eliminate helminths from the body • To know the particular concentration of Papain needed to stun or kill the helminths from the body. • To distinguish what particular parasitic worms can Papain can stun or kill.

6. 1.4 HYPOTHESES Based on the research problem, the researcher formulated the following hypotheses: • Papain in Papaya (Carica papaya) is not enough to eliminate helminths from the body. • The researcher will not know the particular concentration of Papain needed to stun or kill the helminths from the body. • There is no particular parasitic worm that Papain can stun or kill.

7. 1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY The problems and difficulties to the affected person with helminths furnish this problem the force of looking for a new solution in deworming.

8. 1.6 SCOPE AND DELIMITATION This study will focus on utilizing the Papaya (Carica papaya) extract as a probable anthelmintic.

9. 1.7 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK Preparation of Papain Collection of 3 naturally infected rats (Rattus rattus) of helminths Observation Treatment

10. 1.8 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 1.8.1 Parasitic Worms Parasitic worms or helminths are a division of eukaryotic parasites that, unlike external parasites such as lice and fleas, live inside their hosts. They are organisms that live and feed off living hosts, receiving nourishment and protection while disrupting their hosts’ nutrient absorption, causing weakness and disease.

11. 1.8 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 1.8.2 Papaya (Carica papaya) Green papaya fruit and the tree’s latex are both rich in an enzyme called Papain, a protease which is useful in tenderizing meat and other proteins. Its ability to break down tough meat fibers was used for thousands of years by indigenous Americans. It is included as a component in powdered meat tenderizers.

12. 1.8 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 1.8.3 Papain Papain, also known as papaya proteinase I, is a cysteine protease (EC 3.4.22.2) enzyme present in papaya (Carica papaya) Its utility is in breaking down tough meat fibers and has been utilized for thousands of years in its native South America. Past researches have confirmed that papain has reasonable pharmacotherapeutic properties against intestinal nematodes of poultry.

13. 1.8 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 1.8.4 Anthelmintic Anthelmintics or antihelminthics are drugs that expel parasitic worms (helminths) from the body, by either stunning or killing them. They may also be called vermifuges (stunning) or vermicides (killing).

14. Chapter 2Methodology

15. 2.1 MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENTS • Gathering of Papain from Papaya (Carica papaya) • Distilled water ● Knife • Surgical Gloves • Crucibles • Papaya Fruits • Oven

16. 2.1 MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENTS • Treatment • 3 Household rats (Rattus rattus) naturally infected with helminths • Papain • Distilled water

17. 2.1 MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENTS • Data Gathering • Faecal samples from the treated household rats (Rattus rattus) • Microscopes

18. 2.2 THE RESEARCH DESIGN The experimentation will be done in 4 phases: • Collection of 3 Household rats (Rattus rattus) naturally infected with helminths • Gathering of Papain from the Papaya (Carica papaya) • Treatment of the infected Rattus rattus of the gathered Papain • Observation of results

19. 2.2 THE RESEARCH DESIGN 2.2.1 Collection of 3 Household rats (Rattus rattus) infected with helminths 3 Household rats that are naturally infected with helminths will be collected to be studied and tested for the study.

20. 2.2 THE RESEARCH DESIGN 2.2.2 Gathering of Papain from the Papaya (Carica papaya) Papain is the powder obtained from the Papaya latex by making slits, vertically, of about 2mm using a sharp pointed knife on each of the selected fruits still intact on the mother plant. After cutting or making a slit, the latex will be collected and will then be dried in the oven at 40C. Then, it will be ground with the aid of laboratory mortar and pestle, forming a greenish or grey powder.

21. 2.2 THE RESEARCH DESIGN 2.2.3 Treatment of the infected Rattus rattus of the papain The first infected Rattus rattus will be treated with a mixture of 20% watery solution with 300mg Papain for 3 days. The second infected Rattus rattus will be treated with the same percentage of watery solution, mixed with 350mg of Papain for 3 days. The third will be treated with 400mg Papain mixed with also 20% watery solution for 3 days.

22. 2.2 THE RESEARCH DESIGN 2.2.4 Observations of the results On the first day of treatment, the faecal samples will be collected from the 3 Rattus rattus and will be observed for changes. On the second day, the faecal samples will also be examined and analyzed for changes until the third day.

23. 2.3 FLOWCHART OF METHODOLOGY Gathering of Papain from the Papaya (Carica papaya) Collection of 3 Household rats (Rattus rattus) infected with helminths Treatment of the infected Rattus rattus of the papain Observations of the results