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Objectives 4.4.7 through 4.4.13

Objectives 4.4.7 through 4.4.13. Stephanie Amatuzzo Morgan Anderson Alexis Bowden Olivia Freeman. Objective 4.4.7. State that, when genes are transferred between species, the amino acid sequence of the polypeptides translated from them is unchanged because the genetic code is universal.

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Objectives 4.4.7 through 4.4.13

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  1. Objectives 4.4.7 through 4.4.13 Stephanie Amatuzzo Morgan Anderson Alexis Bowden Olivia Freeman

  2. Objective 4.4.7 • State that, when genes are transferred between species, the amino acid sequence of the polypeptides translated from them is unchanged because the genetic code is universal

  3. Terms • Vector: a bacteriophage, plasmid, or other agent that transfers genetic material from one cell to another. • Plasmids: circular bits of genetic material carrying 2 to 30 genes • Host Cell: A cell that has been introduced with DNA (or RNA), such as a bacterial cell acting as a host cell for the DNA isolated from a bacteriophage. • Restriction Enzymes: An enzyme that catalyzes the cleavage of DNA at restriction sites, producing small fragments used for gene splicing in recombinant DNA technology and for chromosome mapping.

  4. Terms • DNA Ligase: Enzymes the form bonds attaching the DNA fragments of the lagging strand to become one strand. • Sticky Ends: The end of unevenly cut DNA, easily matches with complimentary base over hangEX. 5'-ATCTGACTGATGCGTATGCT-3' 3'-TAGACTGACTACGCATACGA-5'

  5. Objective 4.4.7 • Genetic Engineering: Refers to the deliberate manipulation of genetic material. • The genetic code is universal • Possible to move genetic material between species

  6. Objective 4.4.7 • For every organism the same RNA codon codes for the same amino acid in an mRNA strand for every species • E.g. UUU,UUC both code for the amino acid phenylalanine • Makes it possible to transfer genetic material from one species to another

  7. Objective 4.4.8 • Outline a basic technique used for gene transfer involving plasmids, a host cell(bacterium, yeast, or other cell), restriction enzyme(endonucleases) and DNA ligase • Restriction enzymes(endonucleases) – used to cut a desired section of the DNA

  8. Objective 4.4.8 • Insulin • Gene which codes for insulin is put into a plasmid • That plasmid is then put into a host cell(bacterium) • That host cell can now synthesis insulin to be collected and used by diabetics

  9. 4.4.8 • More in depth • mRNA that codes for insulin is taken from a human pancreatic cell that produces insulin • DNA copies are next made from the mRNA using the enzyme reverse transcriptase • Extra guanine nucleotides are added to create sticky ends • A selected plasmid is cut using restriction enzymes(cut the DNA at specific base sequences) • Extra cytosine nucleotides are added to create sticky ends

  10. 4.4.8 • Plasmid and gene are mixed together • The cytosine and guanine nucleotides match together • DNA ligase makes sugar phosphate bonds • Plasmids with human insulin gene is mixed with host cells • Host cell takes in the plasmid and starts producing insulin • Insulin is collected and purified

  11. Objective 4.4.9 • State two examples of current uses of genetically modified crops or animals

  12. Objective 4.4.9 • Tomatoes • Altered to stay fresher longer – “FlavrSavr” by adding a gene that blocked the enzyme that caused rotting

  13. Objective 4.4.9 • Bt Corn • Bacillus thuringiensis has been incorporated into the DNA of the corn, corn now produces a toxin that makes them insect resistant

  14. Objective 4.4.10 • Discuss the potential benefits and possible harmful effects of one example of genetic modification

  15. Bt Corn – Bacillus thuringiensus(a bacteria) produces a protein that is toxic to specific insects • Benefits • Less checking for ECB-European Corn Borers • Damage caused by ECB is reduced, saving farmer money • Less insecticides needed, meaning less impact on environment and lower health risks for workers • Weaknesses • Kills unnecessary insects

  16. Objective 4.4.11 • Define clone • Clone – a group of genetically identical organisms or a group of cells derived from a single parent cell • http://www.brainpop.com/science/cellularlifeandgenetics/cloning/

  17. Objective 4.4.12 • Outline a technique for cloning using differentiated animal cells

  18. 4.4.12 • Dolly • Udder cells were taken from a donor sheep • Cells were cultured • An unfertilized egg was taken from another sheep • Nucleus was removed from that egg • Egg cells were fused with the udder cells with electricity • Cells became zygotes and then embryos • Embryos implanted into surrogate sheep • Resulting sheep was identical to the sheep that donated the udder cells

  19. Objective 4.4.13 • Discuss the ethical issues of therapeutic cloning in humans • Fears of it leading to reproductive cloning • Use of embryonic stem cells involves the creation and destruction of human embryos • Embryonic stem cells are capable of many divisions and may turn into tumors

  20. Works Cited • "IB Guides." IB Biology Notes. Web. 08 Mar. 2012. <http://www.ibguides.com/biology/notes/genetic- engineering-and-biotechnology>.

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