Read the poem. What does it mean to be a silent bystander How does this poem show the consequences of being just that

1. Read the poem. What does it mean to be a silent bystander? How does this poem show the consequences of being just that? First they came for the Jews and I did not speak out� because I was not a Jew. Then they came for the Communists and I did not speak out� because I was not a communist. Then they came for the trade unionists and I did not speak out� because I was not a trade unionist. Then they came for me� and there was no one left to speak out for me. Pastor Niemoeller

2. Antisemitism Political leaders who used antisemitism as a tool relied on the ideas of racial science to portray Jews as a race instead of a religion. Nazi teachers began to apply the �principles� of racial science by measuring skull size and nose length and recording students� eye color and hair to determine whether students belonged the the �Aryan race�.

3. Totalitarian State Paranoia and fear dominate Government has total control over the culture�Aggressive Capable of indiscriminate killing Nazis passed laws which restricted the rights of Jews� Nuremberg Laws

4. Totalitarian State The Nuremberg Laws stripped Jews of their German citizenship. They were prohibited from marrying or having sexual relations with persons of �German or related blood.�

5. Totalitarian State

6. Totalitarian State The Nazis used propaganda to promote their anti-Semitic ideas. One such book was the children�s book, The Poisonous Mushroom. After presenting this slide, teacher will provide handout with timeline of events during the Totalitarian State.After presenting this slide, teacher will provide handout with timeline of events during the Totalitarian State.

7. Persecution The Nazi plan for dealing with the �Jewish Question� evolved in three steps: 1. Expulsion: Get them out of Germany 2. Containment: Put them all together in one place � namely ghettos 3. �Final Solution�: annihilation

8. Persecution Nazis targeted other individuals and groups in addition to the Jews: Gypsies (Sinti and Roma) Homosexual men Jehovah�s Witness Handicapped Germans Blacks Political dissidents Teacher will now instruct and lead students in the �Other Victims� cooperative Learning Activity.Teacher will now instruct and lead students in the �Other Victims� cooperative Learning Activity.

9. Persecution Kristallnacht was the �Night of Broken Glass� on November 9-10, 1938 Germans attacked synagogues and Jewish homes and businesses

10. Prelude to the Final Solution

11. The �Final Solution� In January 1942, Himmler decided to change tactics once again and called a special conference at Wannsee. At this conference it was decided that the existing methods were too inefficient and that a new �Final Solution� was necessary.

12. Final Solution The Nazis aimed to control the Jewish population by forcing them to live in areas that were designated for Jews only, called ghettos. Ghettos were established across all of occupied Europe, especially in areas where there was already a large Jewish population.

13. Final Solution Many ghettos were closed by barbed wire or walls and were guarded by SS or local police. Jews sometimes had to use bridges to go over Aryan streets that ran through the ghetto.

14. Final Solution Life in the ghettos was hard: food was rationed; several families often shared a small space; disease spread rapidly; heating, ventilation, and sanitation were limited. Many children were orphaned in the ghettos.

15. Final Solution Death camps were the means the Nazis used to achieve the �final solution.� There were six death camps: Auschwitz-Birkenau, Treblinka, Chelmno, Sobibor, Majdanek, and Belzec. Each used gas chambers to murder the Jews. At Auschwitz prisoners were told the gas chambers were �showers.�

16. Where were the Death Camps built? Remember that the black dots represent the work of the EinsatzgruppenRemember that the black dots represent the work of the Einsatzgruppen

17. Auschwitz-Birkenau

18. Auschwitz-Birkenau

19. Auschwitz Orchestra

20. Map of Auschwitz

21. Auschwitz from the air It is important t emphasis that the Death Camps were basically factoriesIt is important t emphasis that the Death Camps were basically factories

22. The Gas Chambers The Nazis would force large groups of prisoners into small cement rooms and drop canisters of Zyklon B, or prussic acid, in its crystal form through small holes in the roof. These gas chambers were sometimes disguised as showers or bathing houses.

23. The outside of the Gas Chamber

24. Processing the bodies Specially selected Jews known as the Sonderkommando were used to remove the gold fillings and hair of people who had been gassed. The Sonderkommando Jews were also forced to feed the dead bodies into the crematorium.

25. Dead bodies waiting to be processed

26. Shoes waiting to be processed by the Sonderkommando

27. Destruction Through Work

28. Destruction Through Work

29. Final Solution

30. Typhus High fever Red rash Delirium Depression Severe headache Spread by lice and fleas

31. Death Camps Most prisoners were emaciated to the point of being skeletal. Many camps had dead bodies lying in piles �like cordwood.� Many prisoners died even after liberation.

32. Death Marches

33. Number by Number�6 years 1939: WWII begins when Germany invades Poland 6,000,000+ Jews were murdered -1,500,000+ Jewish children were murdered 5,000,000+ others were killed 1945: WWII ends when Germany (May 8) and Japan (August 14) surrender

34. Was the Final Solution successful? The Nazis aimed to kill 11 million Jews at the Wannsee Conference in 1941 The Nazis managed to kill at least 6 million Jews. Today there are only 2000 Jews living in Poland. Men like Schindler helped Jews escape the Final Solution. Not all Jews went quietly into the gas chambers. In 1943, the Warsaw Ghetto, like many others revolted against the Nazis when the Jews realized what was really happening.