1 / 60

第二章 经济发展的含义与发展中国家结构特征

第二章 经济发展的含义与发展中国家结构特征. 发展中国家. 何为“发展中国家”? 发展中国家的分类 发展中国家的共有特征. 何为 “ 发展中国家 ”. 发达国家、 OECD 国家或工业化国家* 落后国家、不发达国家 ( Underdeveloped Countries )、 欠发达国家( Less developed Countries ,简写为 LDCs )、 发展中国家( Developing Countries )* “第三世界”国家* “南方”与“北方”国家* “穷国”和“富国”*.

Download Presentation

第二章 经济发展的含义与发展中国家结构特征

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript


  1. 第二章 经济发展的含义与发展中国家结构特征

  2. 发展中国家 • 何为“发展中国家”? • 发展中国家的分类 • 发展中国家的共有特征

  3. 何为“发展中国家” • 发达国家、OECD国家或工业化国家* • 落后国家、不发达国家 (Underdeveloped Countries)、 欠发达国家(Less developed Countries,简写为LDCs)、 发展中国家(Developing Countries)* • “第三世界”国家* • “南方”与“北方”国家* • “穷国”和“富国”*

  4. 新兴工业化经济体(New Industry Economy) 特征:1)近期工业产出增长较快 2)近期工业制品出口轻快 3)近期工业产值为GNP的比重较大 4)近期工业制品出口总出口的比重较大 5)近期工业产值占世界工业产值比例有大幅度提高 6)近期工业制品出口占世界制成品出口比例有较大提高 7)近期人均GDP水平与发达国家的差距较快 8)近期工业部门劳动力雇佣比重较大幅度上升

  5. Some Classifications of Developing Countries • The UN’s System Least developed: 44 poorest countries Developing nations: 88 non-oil-exporting countries OPEC:13 petroleum exporting countries • World Bank’s System--per capita income Low-Income Countries (LICs, <785 $ in 1997): 61 Middle-Income Countries(MICs,786 $~3125$): 60 Upper-Middle Income Countries(3126 $~9655$):37 High-Income Countries (>9656$):53

  6. Some Classifications of Developing Countries • The OECD’s system 61 low income countries (LICs) 73 Middle income countries(MICs) 11 newly industrializing countries 13 OPEC countries

  7. Size( geographic and population ) and income level Its historical and colonial background Its endowments of physical and human resources Its ethnic and religious composition The relative importance of its public and private sectors The nature of its industrial structure Its degree of dependence on external economic and political forces The distribution of power and the institutional and political structure within the nation The Structural Diversity of Developing Economies

  8. Size and income level-- ten populated countries

  9. Historical background Different institutional and social patterns • India-British • Philippines-Spanish and American • Vietnam-French • Indonesia-Dutch

  10. Physical and Human resources • Physical resources: land, ,water, minerals, Energy, geography, climate • Human resources: Population; literacy; cultural outlook; Attitude toward work; Access to information; Willingness to innovate; Desire for self-improvement

  11. Ethnic and religious composition • Ethnic and religious conflicts • Racial ethnic or religious discrimination

  12. Developing countries -Common problems • Poverty • Unemployment and under employment • Low and stagnating levels of agricultural productivity • Imbalances between urban and rural • Environmental degradation • Inappropriate educational and health system • Severe balance of payments and debts • Substantial and increasing dependence on foreign technologies, institutions and systems

  13. Per capita income

  14. Per capita income

  15. Growth rates of GDP

  16. Income disparity between the richest and poorest countries

  17. Inequality in selected countries

  18. Extent of poverty

  19. 1990-2003 • China: below poverty line of 1$/day: 16.6%; below poverty line of 2 $/day:46.7% • Pakistan: below poverty line of 1$/day: 13.4%; below poverty line of 2 $/day:65.6% • India: below poverty line of 1$/day: 34.7%; below poverty line of 2 $/day:79.9%

  20. Health

  21. Education

  22. Dependency burden • Non productive members of society and therefore must be supported financially by a country’s labor force(usually between 15 to 64) • In developed nations 1/3 less developed countries 45% Among which, developed nations 66% are children; developing nations 90%

  23. High and rising levels of unemployment and underemployment

  24. Substantial dependence on agricultural production and primary-product exports

  25. 经济增长与经济发展两个范畴 • 两个概念的渊源 • 两个概念的含义 • 两个概念的关系

  26. 两个概念的渊源 • 经济增长并非古已有之,直到近现代才出现* • 早期的发展经济学家把经济发展等同于经济增长,如刘易斯、罗斯托、雷诺兹* • 20世纪50和60年代,经济增长与许多社会问题的不协调逐渐凸现出来 * • 70年代以后,发展的含义得到扩充,如古雷特 、阿马蒂亚•森 * • 到20世纪80年代,环境、资源、可持续发展、制度等也被纳入发展的概念 *

  27. 两个概念的含义 • 学术界对于增长和发展的概念虽有争议,但还是有不少地方达成共识的* • 经济增长的含义* -经济总量即社会财富的增长 • 经济发展的含义* -经济总量的增长与经济结构的变化

  28. 经济结构的变化 • 投入结构的变化 简单劳动→复杂劳动;手工操作→机械化生产 劳动密集型→资本密集型;传统小公司→现代跨国公司; • 产出结构的变化 工业化进程→一产、二产、三产的结构变化 城市化进程→农村人口的城市化迁移 • 产品结构变化与质量提高 • 居民生活水平提高 • 分配状况得到改善

  29. 两个概念的关系 • 经济增长侧重于数量,而经济发展是一个既包含数量又包含质量的多维体系概念 • 一般而言,没有增长就没有发展(当然也有个别的例外)* • 但仅有增长经济不一定能发展 * • 经济增长为经济发展提供了必要条件,而经济发展也有利于经济进一步增长 *

  30. 衡量经济增长与发展的指标 • 衡量经济增长的指标 • 衡量经济发展的指标

  31. 衡量经济增长的指标 • 人均GNP或GDP的增长率 • 这一指标的优缺点*

  32. 衡量经济发展的指标 • 指标体系 • 人均GDP指标 • 综合发展指标体系 • 人类发展指数

  33. 人均GDP指标 • 优点是简单明了 • 但缺点很多:如统计项目和价格不够真实;无法反映分配状况:汇率问题(购买力平价);不能反映GDP增长过程中的社会代价等*

  34. 综合发展指标体系 • 尼维阿罗斯基(Niewiaroski, N. H.)14个变量的体系、阿尔德曼(Adelman, I.)和莫里斯(Morris, C. T.)41个变量的体系、联合国社会发展研究所提出的16个变量的体系 * • 优缺点*

  35. 人类发展指数(HDI) • 联合国开发计划署(UNDP)1990年提出了人类发展指数(Human Development Index,简称HDI) • 包括三个变量出生时的预期寿命、社会教育水平、人均收入,再取平均值 * • 优缺点*

More Related