Early National through Era of Good Feeling

1. Early National through Era of Good Feeling Unit 3

2. Industrialism during Jefferson • Immigrants arrive with advanced technology • 1790– first modern factory –Rhode Island • Eli Whitney –interchangeable parts cotton gin • Transformed life in the south • Slavery will regain importance • Why???????

3. Jefferson as President • Mad • Why • Adams appointment of federalists • What happens??? • Jefferson refuses to recognize them • Removes one, pressures other to retire • Pardons all convicted under alien sedition act • Persuades congress to readthe laws

4. Jefferson as President • Abolished all internal taxes • Custom duties and sale of western lands • Gallatin Sec Treasury • Cuts national debt in half

5. Jefferson's first challenge • Barbary Pirates • Most nations appeased them • Jefferson will stand and say no • Take down American flag= symbol of war • 1805 end American payments • Pay ransom for American hostages

6. Jefferson’s Second Challenge • Conflict with court • Midnight appointments eliminated • 1803 Marbury v Madison • Judicial review – • Marbury sues Madison (sec. of state) for refusing to certify his appointment ---(one of adam’s midnight appointment) • Marshall –Federalist and Supreme Court chief • Marbury did have right –could not be enforced • Why • Judiciary Act of 1789 was unconstitutional • Jefferson won and Supreme Court won the role of reviewing constitutionality of Congressional acts

7. Jefferson’s Glory • Louisiana Purchase • James Monroe =France • 2 million • How will he do it ???????? • Presidential Power to negotiate treaties • Which article is this in???????/ • Quids – republicans --- oppose Jefferson

8. Election of 1804 • Aaron Burr –gov. NY • Hamilton campaigned against him • Duel • Burr kills Hamilton • Jefferson wins

9. Dealing with the Brits, AGAIN • Brits and French fighting • We were in the middle • War of 1812 --- • Brits and French block each other trade route • Impressments --- • Brits attack US ship in US waters • No choice –boycott • Embargo Act 1807– shuts down import and export business • Force act--- gives government right to enforce • Lead to manufacturing in New England • Will be repealed as Jefferson leaves ---Non-intercourse Act • Reopens trade with everyone except --- Brits and France • Response?????

10. Still dealing with them………… • Madison –President • Still in conflict • France promises ---- • Brits attack more • War 1812 • War Hawks ---John C Calhoun and Henry Clay – • New territories in South and West

11. Good things to know about War of 1812 • Natives are with Brits • Why • Tecumseh unified tribes • Killed fall a part • Positive ---spurred American manufacturing • Treat of Ghent ends war ---minor territorial concessions • Federalists –oppose war • Why • Disrupted trade • Hartford Convention -Federalists –loose national party

12. Battling the Brits • We are loosing • New England so extreme cheer for Brits • Federalist dream separate nation • Talk of secession • Hartford Convention • Reasserts the right of nullification • And proposed 7 amendments • Designed to protect New England

13. Madison • American System –Nationalist Program • Worked to promote national growth • Federal power extended cautiously • Protective tariffs on imports—cotton cloth • Improved interstate roads • Re chartering of National Bank

14. Expansion • Need for internal improvements • Westward • Increased population • Ag lands gone • Plantation system and slave labor limited new settlers • Henry Clay –speaker of the house • Aggressive –Henry Clay’s American System

15. Era of Good Feeling • Nationalism = expansion of economy, growth of white settlement , creation of new states • Era of Good Feeling= one political party • Federal government power increases • John Marshall’s – McCulloch v Maryland • States can not tax national bank • National law over state law

16. Era of Good Feeling • 1819– Panic of 1819– economy in turmoil • Why • Shows us lack basic institutions • Introduces --- Banking, Currency, Protection

17. Economic Development • Fix the money! --- • 1811 National Bank Charter expired • Small banks = issues notes without back them • How do we fix it???? • Second National Bank Charter • Could not forbid states to issue currency • Compelled them to back notes

18. Economic Development • Growth of manufacturing • American textile industry • 1807 to 1815 cotton spindles grows 15 fold • Protective Tariff--- • End of war ---new industries panic • Need time • Limit competition from abroad –cotton cloth

19. Transportation • Access to raw materials • National Road –government funded • Where’s the $ coming from • Ohio land sales • Steam boats ---Mississippi River--- • Stimulates Ag • WHY • Madison “great importance of establishing throughout our country the roads and canals which can be best executed under national authority” • Wants a Constitutional amendment –does not get it and vetoes bill

20. Expanding • Population growth –immigration • Most still farmers • East occupied • War of 1812 diminished Native Americans • The Factor System--- govt gave goods at cost to Native Americans • Made them easy to control

21. John Quincy Adams • Sectary of State • Treaties fix borders • Fla from Spain – Adams-Onis Treaty • America has authority over Western Hemisphere— • Monroe Doctrine –mutual non interference • Europe stays out of West –we stay out of Europe

22. The Panic 1819 • High demand for farm goods • High prices farmers • Why • Napoleonic wars messed Europe up • Boom in western U.S for land • Easy credit to settlers (govt funded) • 1819—credit tightens –loans called in foreclosing

23. Controversy • Tallmadge amendment • Missouri statehood • Prohibited slavery and gradual emancipation • 11 free 11 slave –upsets balance • Maine and Missouri • Henry Clay –no Missouri no Maine • Compromise— what did it say

24. Marshall Court • Strengthened the judicial branch • Increased power of federal government • Advanced issue of commerce • Fletcher v Peck –1810 land grants could not be repealed • McCulloch v Maryland –implied powers • Could U.S charter a bank • Could individual states ban it • Gibbons v Ogden –regulate interstate commerce

25. 1824 • Corrupt Bargain --- • 12th amendment states ---- • 3 candidates largest electoral votes • Jackson received more popular votes than electoral • Adams –84, Crawford 41, Clay 37 • Adams –chosen with Clay’s endorsement • Clay Sec of State • This was way to become President • Jacksonians cry corrupt bargain

26. Adams • Was not successful • Native Americans • What happened ??????? • Tariff Abominations --- tariff on imported goods \ • Massachusetts and Rhode Island wool manufactures • Brits textiles –low prices • Protecting American manufactured goods • Adams signs it • South hates it ---why???????

27. 1828 --- • 2 party system • Support Adams –National Republicans • Jackson –Democratic Republicans • “Age of the Common Man”

28. Jackson --- • Puts together network to ensure support • Democratic party ---newspaper publishers, state political leaders • Jackson----states Adams corrupt • Adams –Jackson –stupid violent drunk • Coffin Handbill--- Jackson murdering enlisted men during Indian Wars • Jackson WINS!!!!!!

29. Jacksonianvs Jeffersonian Democracy • Won by large margin • Interested in the West • Spoils system--- fired government officials and replaced them with his supporters • Champions of liberty

30. What is the difference between Jackson and Jefferson

31. Jackson Rules • Broadens ability to vote • “equal protection and equal benefits to all white men” • Wanted to extend power past elites • Forceful president • Preserve the Union • He gets a challenge

32. Challenge • Calhoun and nullification • Tariff issue • Tariff of Abominations – • Cause of South Carolinas drop • Consider secession • Based on 10th amendment and the VA and KY Resolutions --- • What do they state--- • States are the final decision makers on Constitutionality • Declare laws null and void /if unconstitutional

33. Nullification??????? • Use it to nullify tariff of 1828 • Why is this tariff so important • Will anybody stand up • Yep • Webster-Hayne • Hayne ---for it –states rights versus national power • Webster=“liberty and union are now and forever, one and inseparable”

34. Nullification ??????? • 1832 tariff bill offers no relief • State convention votes to nullify 1828 and 1832 tariffs • Remember Hayne ---he is now gov • Calhoun will replace him as Senator • Will a savior appear? • Henry Clay • Lower tariff gradually level in 1816

35. Native American Problem • No secret how Jackson feels • Get them outta here and put in the west • 5 civilized tribes • Western GA, AL, MISS, FLA, • Cherokee , Creek, Seminole, Chickasaw, Choctaw • Removal Act –move them to the West • Gave $ to negotiate with tribes • Cede land under pressure --- promise of payment • Ga—Cherokee appeal to Supreme Court --- Worchester V GA and Cherokee Nation v GA • “the court has made its decision now let them enforce it”

36. Native American Problem • 1835 Cherokee (minority faction) • Cede tribes land • 5 million and reservation out west of Mississippi • Majority resist – • Jackson sends Army 7,000—winfield scott • Drives them westward under bayonet force

37. Trail of Tears • 1000 fled to North Carolina to a reservation • Still there today • Cherokee Removal --- Indian territory in OK • Thousands perish • All 5 civilized tribes go • Impact of the removal--- • 100 million acres of land go to govt • Natives—68 million dollars and 32 million acres

38. Jackson ‘s War • Down size govt • Bank of United States– by law it was for the Feds to deposit its own funds • Govt owned 1/5 of bank stocks • Charter due in 1836 – • Jackson does not make it a secret • Biddle –Pres. Of Bank • Granted favors to politicians who would support • Clay and Webster

39. Jackson’s War • 1832 apply new charter –becomes issues in campaign • Congress passes • Jackson vetoes • Jackson wins election • Wants bank gone • Charter still good • Weaken it • Removes government deposits • Goes through 3 people before it happens • Taney

40. Jackson’s War • Pet banks ---numerous banks where govt deposits $ • Biddle --- calls in loans and raises interest rates • Why • Without Govt deposits ---stretched too thin • Financial crisis • Biddle feels the heat –grants credit • Jackson wins the fight

41. Election of 1836 and Rise of Whigs • Whigs = oppose one or more of demos policies • Whigs believed in govt activism (especially social) • Temperance and enforcement of Sabbath • Martin Van Buren enters office –= • Panic of 1837 • Continued favoring hard currency made it worse • Why /what is hard currency • made him not get reelected

42. Social History of the Time • Slavery • Abolitionists develop • Slave revolts • Nat Turner = God help Black liberation movement • 60 whites died • 200 slaves killed some had nothing to do with rebellion • Black codes= cant learn to read or congregate

43. Economy • Market economy develops • People trade labor and goods for cash • Cotton gin =more profit=more slave labor =South • Interchangeable Parts= machine tool industry • Specialized machines for industries and textile • North = power loom and industry

44. Transportation • National Road = Maryland to West Virginia (ultimatley to Central Ohio) • Canal = linked great lakes and New York = European shipping routes • Steam ships and railroads • Revolutionize America

45. Farming • Mechanization and market economy =change in farming • Northeast = troubles with farming • Terrain not good –rocky and hilly • Soil poor over farming • Goes down • Midwest chief source of grain • South =king cotton

46. See sectionalism grow South • Farming profitable • South puts it s base there • Slaves = internal market for them • Major export cotton no need for industry • Remain rural • Economic factors support slavery = • increased demand for cotton • labor intensive crop • Sla ves cheap source • Climate of south =good growing season

47. Seeing Sectionalism Grow North • Immigration labor source • Nativist – against immigrants • Plenty of workers • Plenty of industry

48. Wrap Up • Population expands • Jefferson as President • Louisiana Purchase • Era of good feelings • Missouri Compromise – • Andrew Jackson –KING • More people could vote • Bank of U.S disappears