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And one night late it came to me this way…(1) That we could not give them back to Spain-that would be cowardly and dishonorable; (2) that we could not turn them over to France or Germany- our commercial rivals in the Orient- that would be bad business and discreditable; (3) that we could not leave them to themselves- they were unfit for self-government- and they would soon have anarchy and misrule over there worse than Spain’s was; and (4) that there was nothing left for us to do but to take them all and to educate the Filipinos, and uplift and civilize and Christianize them, and by God’s grace do the very best we could by them, as our fellowmen for whom Christ also died. And then I went to bed, and went to sleep and slept soundly.
To what extent was American overseas imperialism of the late 19th century a departure from American tradition?
The Open Door Note Issued by Secretary of State John Hay to European powers in China; Wanted them to keep an “open door of trade” between China and the West All nations should have equal access and economic rights in China
The Open Door Note European reaction? American reaction? Real meaning of the Open Door Note
The Boxer Rebellion 1899 – China divided among European Powers into “spheres of influence”; dominated Chinese politics and economy
The Boxer Rebellion 1900 – Nationalist Chinese rebels (“Boxers”) rebel against foreign control; killed many European and American missionaries Also targeted Chinese Christians
The Boxer Rebellion A multinational force (including 2100 Americans) sent to China to subdue Boxers Significance? China forced to pay millions to allied countries American creates college fund for future Chinese leaders
1900 Election Republicans choose TR as VP; reasons? TR campaigns like Bryan; popular, big crowds
1900 Election McKinley defeats Bryan by bigger margin than 1896; main issue: imperialism
The Assassination of McKinley, Sept. 1901 Assassinated by an anarchist at World Fair at Buffalo, NY
To what extent was American overseas imperialism of the late nineteenth century imperialism a departure from American tradition?
The United States, since Washington’s Neutrality Proclamation, proclaimed neutrality in foreign affairs and, espousing the Monroe Doctrine, largely avoided involvement in the eastern hemisphere before the late nineteenth century. However, Americans took land from Native Americans by force, coerced other nations into giving up territory, and always believed in a God-given right to expansion. Therefore, American tradition has always included elements of imperialism. • United States history began with a belief in divine approval of efforts to expand westward. However, in the late nineteenth century, the United States boldly asserted her interests in the eastern hemisphere, built her navy to project her power overseas, and contended with European powers for access to lucrative overseas markets. Late nineteenth century imperialism was remarkably different than previous western expansion.
TR as President Different from predecessors More energetic Reformist, progressive More visible to the public More aggressive in dealing with problems of the country
TR’ s Foreign Policy Emphasized strong defense Creator of modern steel navy “Speak softly and carry a Big Stick”; became symbol of American imperialism
The Roosevelt Corollary Addition to Monroe Doctrine Statement of US strength Protection of American interests in Latin America Claimed right to intervene if Americans or their interests were threatened Unpopular in L. America
The Panama Canal Previously attempted by the French in 1870s; resulted in 20,000 deaths and bankruptcy Bankruptcy proceedings of French Canal Company
The Panama Canal Original choice of TR: Nicaragua Chose Panama after volcano eruption
The Panama Canal TR attempts to buy rights from Colombia to build canal but is refused; reasons French agent Philippe Bunau-Varilla creates “Panama Revolt” (1903) Panama capitol building
The Panama Canal Colombia attempts to regain Panama, blocked by US Navy outside Bogotá US recognizes newly independent Panama First act of amb. Bunau-Varilla: sells rights to US for $10m; US begins work on the Canal US gives Colombia $25 million for its trouble
The Panama Canal Takes 10 years, $400m to build Invented new equipment Development of yellow vaccine Casualties under 200
The Panama Canal Impact of Canal
Progressivism A movement of upper and middle class reformers to change society through government action Use of Omaha Platform as guide, but mostly not populists Made up of: labor and urban reformers politicians from both parties “muckraking” journalists advocates of social reform
Urban slums Child labor Political reform Aid to immigrants Issues in the Progressive Era
Woman suffrage Temperance/prohibition Conservation Regulation of trusts Issues in the Progressive Era
Journalists who exposed social problems and supported reforms with their articles Upton Sinclair and TheJungle (1906); problems of urban poor Ida Tarbell: TheHistory of Standard Oil (1902) Frank Norris and The Octopus (1901); exposed the abuses of the railroad industry The “Muckrakers”
The “Muckrakers” Lincoln Steffens: Shame of the Cities; exposed the political machines George Washington Plunkitt of Tammany Hall
The Jungle (1906) Sinclair intended to show urban poverty; instead, public focuses on conditions in the meat industry Leads to Pure Food and Drug Act and Meat Inspection Act
TR as Progressive Era President Background as reformer: Reformed civil service of NYC NYC Police Commissioner Governor of NY First major test: 1902 Coal Strike
1902 Coal Strike TR tries to mediate between strikers and owners in White House meetings Owners refuse to compromise; TR threatens to take over the mines for the workers: “To he** with the Constitution when the people need coal!”
1902 Coal Strike Owners initially refuse, then compromise as TR calls up the Army to take over the mines TR calls this “the Square Deal”, becomes trademark of his administration
TR the Trustbuster! Regulation, not destruction, of “good” trusts; definition of “good” and “bad” trusts Use of Sherman Anti-Trust Act against corporations First target: the RRs
TR Takes on the Robber Barons Empowers the Interstate Commerce Commission to govern “uncooperative” trusts
TR vs. Morgan TR takes on Northern Securities, controlled by Morgan;first trust broken up bySupremeCourt Trusts not “busted”: Standard Oil US Steel
1904 Election TR crushes Alton Parker, promises not to run for third term Debs runs for 1st time
TR the Conservationist 1885 TR sets aside millions of acres for preservation with the Newlands Act Creates national parks (i.e. Yosemite)
The Panic of 1907 Bank began to fail rapidly; Morgan creates a group to stabilize banking system Leads to creation of flexible currency and the Federal Reserve (1913)
1908 Election TR anoints W. H. Taft successor Defeats William Jennings Bryan! regrets promise of no 3rd term; retires to hunt big game
The Legacy of TR Made presidency center of govt. power; expanded presidential power and authority Involved govt. in the lives of the people; trustbuster, govt. regulator Made US international power
Background: governor of the Philippines TR’s Secretary of War later, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court Continued progressive reforms Expanded trust-busting efforts Expanded conservation efforts 17th Amendment passed – direct election of Senators William Howard Taft
Taft and “Trust-busting” Taft did not recognize “good” or “bad” trusts Broke 77 in all, including Standard Oil and US Steel Broke agreement on trusts; angered TR and motivated him to run for 3rd term
“Dollar Diplomacy” Expansion of Roosevelt Corollary: protection of US investment and people, worldwide First use in Latin America; i.e. Nicaragua,1909 Most controversial: Morgan’s Manchurian RR in 1911
Too progressive or not progressive enough for Republicans Overshadowed by TR Seen as not being own man but TR’s puppet Conflict between TR and Taft over Taft’s breaking of “gentleman’s agreement” on US Steel Problems in the Taft Administration
1912 Election Candidates: Taft Wilson TR Debs Main issue: progressive reforms and “dollar diplomacy”
Woodrow Wilson Background: PhD in Political Science Professor at Princeton, later president Governor of New Jersey, 1910 -1912; nominated for president to remove him from NJ
1912 Election TR and the Progressive Party TR wants to run again, denied by Republicans; forms 3rd party Nicknamed the “Bull Moose Party” Platform called the “New Nationalism Called for further reforms than when president and involvement in world affairs
1912 Election Events: TR shot during campaign, continued anyway Vote divided between four candidates, Wilson wins Electoral College
Warm Up: Write it on a clean, separate piece of paper • Given his immense popularity among the American people, his aggressive campaigning, and his reputation as a “trust-buster”, why did TR fail to win the Republican nomination and the Presidency in 1912?
The Wilson Administration The “Triple Wall of Privilege” the tariff: pledged to lower it, eventually lowered through the Underwood Tariff; also enacted the income tax (16th Amendment)
