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25.4 Reforming the Industrial World

25.4 Reforming the Industrial World. The Industrial Revolution leads to economic, social, and political reforms. The Philosophers of Industrialization. Laissez-faire Economics The economic policy of not interfering with businesses Originates with Enlightenment economic philosophers.

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25.4 Reforming the Industrial World

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  1. 25.4 Reforming the Industrial World The Industrial Revolution leads to economic, social, and political reforms.

  2. The Philosophers of Industrialization • Laissez-faire Economics • The economic policy of not interfering with businesses • Originates with Enlightenment economic philosophers

  3. Adam Smith-defender of free markets, author of The Wealth of Nations • Believes economic liberty guarantees economic freedoms • Economic natural laws • Self-interest • Competition • Supply and demand

  4. The Economics of Capitalism • Thomas Maltus, David Ricardo boost laissez-faire capitalism • Capitalism-system of privately owned businesses seeking profits • Maltus thinks populations grow faster than food supply • Wars, epidemics kill off extra people or misery and poverty result • Ricardo envisions a permanent, poor underclass providing cheap labor

  5. Thomas Malthus • Population growth willoutpace the food supply. • War, disease, or faminecould control population. • The poor should have less children. • Food supply will then keep up with population.

  6. David Ricardo • “Iron Law of Wages.” • When wages are high,workers have morechildren. • More children create alarge labor surplus thatdepresses wages.

  7. The Rise of Socialism • Utilitarianism • Jeremy Bentham’s utilitarianism-judge things by their usefulness • John Stuart Mill favors regulation to help workers, spread wealth

  8. The Utilitarians:Jeremy Bentham & John Stuart Mill • The goal of society is the greatest good for the greatest number. • There is a role to play for government intervention to provide some social safetynet.

  9. Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill

  10. Utopian Ideas • Robert Owens improves workers’ conditions, rents cheap housing • In 1824, Owen founds utopian community, New Harmony, Indiana

  11. Socialism-factors of production owned by, operated for the people • Socialists think government control can end poverty, bring equality

  12. Marxism: Radical Socialism • Marxism’s Prophets • Karl Marx-German journalist proposes a radical socialism, Marxism • Friedrich Engels-German whose father owns a Manchester textile mill

  13. Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels

  14. The Communist Manifesto • Marx and Engels believe society is divided between warring classes • Capitalism helps “haves”, the employers known as bourgeoisie • Hurts “have-nots”, the workers known as the proletariat • Marx, Engels predict the workers will overthrow the owners

  15. The Future According to Marx • Marx believes capitalism will eventually destroy itself • Inequality would cause workers to revolt, seize factories and mills • Communism-society where people own, share the means of production • Marx’s ideas take root in Russia, China, Cuba • Time has shown that society not controlled by economic forces alone

  16. Labor Unions and Reform Laws • Unionization • Unions-association formed by laborers to work for change • Unions negotiate for better pay, conditions with employers • Sometimes they strike-call a work stoppage-to pressure owners • Skilled workers are first to form unions • Movement in Britain, U.S. must fight for right to form unions • Union goals were higher wages, shorter hours, improved conditions

  17. Reform Laws British, U.S. laws passed to stop worst abuses of industrialization 1842 Mines Act in Britain stops women, children working underground In 1847, workday for women, children limited to 10 hours in Britain U.S. ends child labor, sets maximum hours in 1904

  18. The job of this young “tipple” boy was to unload coal cars by tipping them over

  19. The Reform Movement Spreads • The Abolition of Slavery • In 1833, reformers help end slavery in British empire • Slavery ends in U.S. in 1865; ends by 1888 in the rest of the Americas

  20. The Fight for Women’s Rights • Women pursue economic and social rights as early as 1848 • International Council for Women founded 1888; worldwide membership

  21. Reforms Spread to Many Areas of Life • Reformers establish free public schools in Europe in late 1800s • Public schools common in U.S. by 1850 • Horace Mann popular in Massachusetts • Prison reform also sought

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