Citizens, society, and the state

1. Citizens, society, and the state Brett Balick Zahra Mohseni Thomas Josephson

2. Cleavages • There are 4 main cleavages that impact the Mexican political system:-1.Urban vs. Rural-2.Social class-3.Mestizo vs. Amerindian-4.North vs. SouthThese cleaves are often CROSSCUTTING which cause divisions to occur as the issues change. But recently, these cleavages have often COINCIDED as urban, middle-class mestizos from the north have found themselves at odds with rural, poor Amerindians from the south

3. Social Class • -Economic inequality is very high with the poorest 10% of the population earning 1.6% of the total income while the top 10% earning 35.6% of Mexico's income-High infant mortality rates-Lower levels of education-Shorter life expectancies among the poor-Middle class has been growing recently with this increase coming from both the informal economy and from new industries or service businesses

4. Mestizo vs. Amerindian • -The main ethnic cleavage is between the Mestizo, which is a blend of European and Amerindian, and the Amerindians-30% of Mexicans think of themselves as Amerindians while only about 10% actually speak their indigenous language-These Amerindians are also more likely to live in rural areas and to live in poverty

5. Urban vs. Rural • -Political structure created when most of the population lived in rural areas-Today, Mexico is more than 75% urban-The literacy rate is about 90%-Urban voters are less inclined to support the PRI (Institutional Revolution Party)-Urban citizens have been receptive to political and economic reform Mexico City, Mexico

6. North vs. South • North:-Very dry and mountainous-Population is much more prosperous because of trading with the United States-Have a substantial middle class with relatively high levels of education-More supportive of a market-based economySouth:-Largely subtropical-Large numbers of Amerindians with less European ethnicity than the North-Their average incomes are lower than those in the north-Lower averages of years of schooling with the south averaging 6 years, while the north averages 8.1 years-Think of their central government as repressive

7. Recent Changes • Incomes of the poorest half of the population are growing faster than the average-Poverty levels as defined by the government have fallen-Income distribution is becoming less unequal Population Pyramid:

8. Political Participation • Has been characterized by revolution and protest • Today citizens participate in elections that are increasing in legitimacy • Patron-Client System: elites running for positions make compromises and distribute political rewards in exchange for loyalty • The government elite are in control of this system because they are in charge of who receives favors

9. Patron Clientelism • This system has roots from the 19th century caudillos • Each group formed a camarilla- a hierarchical network which exchanged offices and other benefits • Prominent until 2000- peasants in camarillas received jobs, financial assistance, and even food and shelter for voting for the PRI • Modernization counteracts the system

10. Protests • When citizens’ demands get out of hand, the government responds by accommodating their demands and including them in co-optation • In 1968 government troops killed 200 people in Tlatelolco Plaza during student protests, but the next president placed student activists into his organization and increased social service spending • 1994 Chiapas Rebellion: Chiapas sponsored the Zapatista uprising which represented Amerindians who felt inferior to the mestizo population • Made people realize that some people still live in harsh conditions https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qE74paq8-Go

11. VoterBehavior • Before the 1990s, PRI controlled elections on all levels • Voting rates high due to patron-client system • Election days were festive but filled with corruption • Other parties besides the PRI emerged in the 1930s • Vote turnout was highest in 1994 – 78% of citizens • Factors that contribute to voting: • 1. Region: In 2006 majority of North voted Calderon(PAN) and majority of south voted for Obrador • 2.Education: Higher education voted for Calderon, more people without college educations voted for Obrador • 3. Income: 50% of upper income citizens voted for Calderon 2012 Election: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GpO0IEyaHok

12. Freedom in Mexico (Freedom on the internet)Freedom of the press: Considered not free as of 2011: journalists and communicators who used social media to bypass censorship in the traditional press were targeted by government officials Decrease in democracy due to “war on drugs” , lack of transparency and alleged human rights abuses Freedom in the world: Partly free, some human rights standards have been improved with constitutional changes but there are still severe rights abuses allegations

13. Civil Society • Groups that have refused to cooperate with the PRI have formed the basis for a lively civil society in Mexico. • The PRI practiced state corporatism in order to ensure that no one group successfully challenged the government • PRI divided interest groups into three sectors: labor, peasants, and the middle class (“popular”)

14. Civil Society • The Confederation of Employers • labor group • PRI’s downfall started in civil society with discontented businessmen who were not incorporated into the government’s system. • This group was behind the formation of PAN • PAN’s 2000 presidential candidate, Vicente Fox, challenged PRI

15. ROLE OF Women • In traditional Mexican families, the father is the ultimate authority • Women are expected to take care of children and housework • Violence is a major problem for Mexican women • The attitude of Machismo • if a man does not demonstrate his superiority, he is seen as a ‘lesser' man by other male members of society

16. Role of women • “In the past years, Mexico has approved a number of laws and institutions designed to protect women from discrimination and violence. Much of the problem, however, lies in the lack of effective implementation of these laws and the weakness of the institutions,” said Rupert Knox