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Applications of Immune Responses

Applications of Immune Responses. Chapter 17. Principles of Immunization. Immunization:is the process that an individual's immune system becomes fortified against an agent. Active immunity Passive immunity. Principles of Immunization. Active immunity exposure to an antigen naturally

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Applications of Immune Responses

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  1. Applications of Immune Responses Chapter 17

  2. Principles of Immunization • Immunization:is the process that an individual's immune system becomes fortified against an agent. • Active immunity • Passive immunity

  3. Principles of Immunization • Active immunity • exposure to an antigen • naturally • Following illness • artificially • vaccine

  4. Principles of Immunization • Passive Immunity (transfer of antibody) • naturally • during pregnancy • Breast feeding • Artificial • Artificial passive immunity • Can be used to prevent disease before or after likely exposure

  5. Vaccine • Vaccine is a preparation of pathogen or its products used to induce active immunity. • Inactivated vaccine • Attenuated vaccine

  6. Vaccines and Immunization • Attenuated vaccines • Weakened form of pathogen • Generally unable to cause disease or mild symptoms • Strain replicates in vaccine recipient • Results in long lasting immunity

  7. Attenuated vaccines Advantages Single dose Vaccine as added potential for being spread Disadvantages Potentially cause disease Not for Pregnant women Attenuated vaccines in use include Sabin polio vaccine MMR Yellow fever Vaccines and Immunization

  8. Vaccines and Immunization • Inactivated vaccines • Unable to replicate (multiple doses). • Retains immunogenicity • Has two categories • Whole agents • Contain killed organisms or inactivated virus • Does not change epitopes • Cholera, plague, influenza and Salk polio are whole agents • Fragments • Portions of organisms or agents including toxins proteins and cell wall components • Includes toxoids, protein subunit vaccines and polysaccharide vaccines

  9. Immunological Testing (assay) • Utilize the specific interaction between antibody and antigen to • detect the presence of a specific antigen or antibody. • Quantify the amount of antigen or antibody.

  10. Using Labeled Antibodies to Detect Interactions • Enzyme Linked Immunosorbant Assay • Employs antibody that has been labeled with detectable enzyme • Commonly horseradish peroxidase • Labeled antibody binds to antigen • Binding can be direct or indirect • Antigen location is determined using colormetric assay

  11. Pregnancy tests measure hCG http://www.bbc.co.uk/parenting/images/300/test_blueline.jpg

  12. Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) • ELISA is a widely-used method for measuring the presence and concentration of a particular molecule (e.g., a hormone, drug, virus) in a body fluid (blood serum or urine) • The molecule (hCG) is detected by anti-hCG antibodies

  13. Molecular basis of pregnancy test T C R

  14. Animation of hCG pregnancy test (ELISA) T C R • Basics (if the woman is pregnant) • hCG in urine will react with anti-hCG (type 1) antibody in Reaction zone • The anti-hCG/hCG (type 1) complex will move through capillary action to the Test zone • The bound anti-hCG antibody (type 2) will bind the anti-hCG/hCG (type 1)complex • The binding of this bulky complex will activate the dye substrate, causing a line to appear • Excess anti-hCG/hCG (type 1) complex will continue to move towards the Control zone • Control zone has bound antibody that binds “anti-hCG (type 1) antibody” • The binding of this bulky complex will activate the dye substrate, causing a line to appear

  15. http://www.whfreeman.com/kuby/content/anm/kb07an01.htm Animation of the molecular basis of the hCG ELISA pregnancy test

  16. Immunologic Disorders Chapter 18

  17. Immunological Disorders • Hypersensitivities (allergies) • 4 types of hypersensitivities • Autoimmune disease. • Immunodeficiency

  18. Type I Hypersensitivities: • IgE mediated • Immediate response • Generally within minutes of exposure • Inherited • Reactions occur in at least 20% to 30% of population • Can be local anaphylaxis or generalized anaphylaxis • Anaphylaxis for IgE mediated allergic reaction

  19. Type I Hypersensitivities:Immediate IgE-Mediated

  20. Type I Hypersensitivities:Immediate IgE-Mediated • Localized anaphylaxis • Hives • skin • Hay fever • inhaled antigen • Asthma • Respiratory allergy • Allergic mediators attracted to inflamed respiratory tract • Results in increased mucous secretion and bronchi spasm • Bronchodilating drugs and steriods

  21. Type I Hypersensitivities:Immediate IgE-Mediated • Generalized anaphylaxis • more serious • Antigen enters bloodstream • Affects entire body • Can induce shock • Massive release of mediators causes extensive blood vessel dilation and fluid loss • Causes fall in pressure leading to flow insufficiency • Bee sting and peanuts, penicillin

  22. Type I Hypersensitivities:Immediate IgE-Mediated • Immunotherapy • Use techniques to modify immune system for favorable effect • desensitization or hyposensitization • IgG replace IgE

  23. Type I Hypersensitivities:Immediate IgE-Mediated • Immunotherapy • Anti-IgE Fc antibody • Engineered anti-IgE created • rhuMab = recombinant human Monoclonal antibody

  24. Type II Hypersensitivities:Cytotoxic • Complement-fixing antibodies react with cell surface antigens • Cells can be destroyed through complement system and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). • Blood transfusion reactions • Hemolytic disease of the newborn

  25. Type II Hypersensitivities: Cytotoxic • Transfusion reactions • Normal red blood cells surface antigen • type A, B, AB or O • Transfuse different type of blood can be lysed by recipient immune cells • IgM antibodies can cause type II reactions • Symptoms include low blood pressure, pain, nausea and vomiting

  26. Type II Hypersensitivities: Cytotoxic • Hemolytic disease of the newborn (incompatibility of Rh factor) • Rh factor on RBC surface • Rh – mother and Rh+ baby • IgG mediated

  27. Type III Hypersensitivities:Immune Complex-Mediated • Caused by small antigen and antibody immune complexes • Inflammation by activate complement • blood clotting • disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) • Deposit in skin, joints and kidney • Joint pain, rashes, glomerulonephritis

  28. Type IV Hypersensitivities:Delayed Cell-Mediated • Delayed cell-mediated immunity • Slowly developing response to antigen • Reactions peak in 2 to 3 days • T cells mediated • nearly anywhere in the body • contact dermatitis, tissue damage, rejection of tissue grafts and some autoimmune disease

  29. Type IV Hypersensitivities:Delayed Cell-Mediated • Contact Hypersensitivities • T cells release inflammation cytokines and attracts macrophages • Macrophages release mediators to add to inflammation • Common examples • Tuberculin skin test • sensitized T cells release cytokines trigger influx of macrophages • Poison ivy and poison oak • Nickel in metal jewelry • Chromium salts in leather • Latex products

  30. Transplant Immunity • Immunological rejection • Differences between donor and recipient tissues (MHC) • Mainly type IV reaction: combination of Tc cells and NK cells • Drugs to prevent graft rejection • Cyclosporin A : calcineurin inhibitor—prevent IL-2 prodction • Steroids :prevent cytokines including IL-2 production • Basiliximab • Monoclonal antibody preparation to IL-2 receptor • Blocks binding of immune mediators such as IL-2

  31. Autoimmune Diseases • Recognition of self antigen • Tissue injury cause self antigens released. • Viral or bacterial infection.

  32. Autoimmune Diseases • Organ-specific • Thyroid disease • Only thyroid is affected • Widespread response • Type I diabetes • Cytotoxic T cell against insulin producing beta-cells. • Rheumatoid arthritis • Immune response made against collagen in connective tissue • Myasthenia gravis • Autoantibody-mediated disease • Autoantibody to acetylcholine receptor proteins

  33. Autoimmune Diseases • Treatment of autoimmune diseases • Controlling T cell signaling/immunosuppressant • cyclosporin • Anti-inflammatory medications • steroids • Replacement therapy • insulin

  34. Immunodeficiency Disorders • Inadequate immune response • Primary or congenital • Inborn as a result of genetic defect or developmental abnormality • Secondary or acquired • Can be acquired as result of infection or other stressor

  35. Immunodeficiency Disorders • Primary immunodeficiencies • Generally rare • Examples • Sever combined immunodeficiency disorder (SCID) • Neither B nor T lymphocytes are functional • Occurs in 1 in 500,000 live births • Selective IgA deficiency • Little or no IgA produced • Most common disorder • One in 333 to 700

  36. Immunodeficiency Disorders • Secondary immunodeficiencies • Result from environmental rather than genetic factors • Malignancies, advanced age, certain infections, immunosuppressive drugs and malnutrition are just a few • Often results from depletion of certain cells of the immune system • Malignancies of lymphoid system decrease antibody-mediated immunity • Most serious widespread immunodeficiency is AIDS • Destroys helper T cells • Inhibits initiation of cellular and humoral immunity

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