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Biotechnology

Biotechnology. Genetic Engineering. Genetic Engineering. Any technique used to identify or change a gene. Intended uses: Medical Forensics Agriculture Farm Animals Research Pets.

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Biotechnology

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  1. Biotechnology Genetic Engineering

  2. Genetic Engineering • Any technique used to identify or change a gene. • Intended uses: • Medical Forensics • Agriculture Farm Animals • Research Pets

  3. Medical – gene replacement therapy – replacing a damaged or missing gene with a healthy one. • Ex. Genetic diseases • Cystic fibrosis

  4. Agriculture

  5. Agriculture – Create crops that are: • Resistant to insects – fewer pesticides needed • Resistant to herbicides – kill weeds without harming crops. • Grow faster and bigger • Produce larger fruits and vegetables

  6. CROPS • Canola • Corn • Cotton • Potato • Soybean • Squash • Tomato

  7. Research – improved vaccines and medicines. • Diabetes - Insulin • Hemophilia – clotting factors • Sterile pests • fruit fly • mosquito

  8. Potential for Using Algae to Produce Human Therapeutic Proteins ShownScienceDaily (Mar. 11, 2010) • human interferon β1: used to treat Multiple Sclerosis and costs patients from $1,600 to $2,000 for a one month supply • human erythropoietin: increase red blood production in patients undergoing chemotherapy • human proinsulin: a hormone with a multi-billion dollar market used to treat Type 1 diabetes. • human vascular endothelial growth factor: treat patients suffering from pulmonary emphysema • moblility group protein B1 (HMGB1):activates immune cells and is being investigated for its potential to enhance other cancer therapies. • two other proteins were domains 10 and 14 of human fibronectin, which are being investigated for their ability to mimic certain kinds of antibodies.

  9. Animals • Cows – produce more milk, resistant to diseases • Chickens: grow faster, resistant to diseases • Pigs – more meat, resistant to diseases • Salmon – grow larger, faster

  10. Pets • Zebrafish – glowfish: • Fluorescent gene transferred from coral and squid. • Cloning pets

  11. Forensics – DNA fingerprinting • Paternity testing – who is the daddy? • Identifying suspects in criminal cases.

  12. Techniques • Use restriction enzymes to cut DNA at specific base pair sequences. G A A T T C G A A T T C C T T A A G C T T A A G Sticky ends

  13. Human gene Recombinant DNA Bacteria plasmid

  14. Obtain plasmid from bacteria • Obtain desired gene from other species • Open plasmid using enzymes • Gene is added to plasmid • Plasmid + gene is absorbed by bacteria • New bacteria strain will be expressed by bacteria

  15. Transgenic organisms: Organisms with DNA from another.

  16. Gel Electrophoresis • Technique used to breakdown DNA into smaller fragments and separate the fragments by size. • Several restriction enzymes are used. • DNA fragments are placed in an electrophoresis apparatus. • Electricity is applied.

  17. DNA has a negative charge and migrates toward the positive side of the apparatus. • Smaller fragments move faster than larger ones. • Electricity is turned off and a dye is applied. • DNA is examined under UV light.

  18. (+) (-)

  19. When Genetic Engineering Goes Wrong!!!!

  20. Dangers • Genes may spread from desirable crops to weeds and other plants through viruses. • Beneficial insects can be killed by insect resistant plants (monarch butterfly). • Plants can overgrow other crops.

  21. Unknown effects on humans that consume genetically altered animals with super growth factors. • Transferring genes may activate silent oncogenes in the genome.

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