The New Power Balance 1850-1900

1. The New Power Balance1850-1900 Chapter 26

2. New Technologies and the World Economy

3. Railroads Steam engines By 1850, almost every industrializing country had begun to build lines Great Britain, France, Germany, Canada, Russia, Japan The U.S. 1865- 35,000 miles, 1915- 390,000 miles

4. Also railroads in countries with Raw materials = South Africa, Mexico, Argentina High populations = India and Egypt Required a lot of land Used a lot of timber Caused cities to grow Opened up new land to agriculture and mining

5. Steamships and Telegraph Cables Improvements made steamships more cost efficient 1830 � initially too costly steel and iron for hulls, propellers instead of paddle wheels, more powerful engines average size 1850= 200 tons, 1900= 7,500 tons shipping lines moved people, mail and goods on scheduled liners 1869 � Suez Canal connected the Mediterranean to the Red Sea

6. 1866 to 1886 � submarine telegraph cables were laid around the globe for communication the press proclaimed this the �annihilation of time and space.�

7. The Steel and Chemical Industries Steel becomes versatile and inexpensive Hard and elastic 1850s � William Kelly, of Kentucky, figured out a way to make iron into steel without additional fuel 1856 � Henry Bessemer, of England, improved Kelly�s method Steel cost 1/10th of what it did before

8. Steel production 1870-1/2 million tons; 1900- 28 million tons The U.S. produced 10 million Germany produced 8 million Great Britain produced 4.9 million Led to rails, ships, and �tin� cans

9. Chemical industry late 1700s � chlorine bleach, soda and sulfuric acid were manufactured on a large scale 1856 - aniline purple synthetic dye made from coal tar led to the �mauve decade�

10. by the end of the century, German scientists had developed other colors ruined the economy of indigo plantations explosives nitroglycerine made into dynamite Alfred Nobel - Swedish used in mining and construction of railroads and canals Suez Canal � connected the Mediterranean to Indian Ocean routes Useful to militaries

11. Germany had the most advanced engineering and science institutes government encouraged and funded research and cooperation between institutes by 1900 � the leading producer of dyes, drugs, synthetic fertilizers, ammonia, and nitrates

12. Steel mills used lots of raw materials, took up a lot of space, polluted the air and ground Railroad locomotives and other steam engines railroads took up space and depleted forests, the engines polluted the air chemical plants � pollutants dumped into rivers No government environmental regulations

13. Electricity 1870s- efficient generators made based on Englishman Michael Faraday�s design Easier to use than water power and steam engines Arc lamps used in public squares, theaters and stores 1879 � Thomas Edison developed an incandescent lamp 1882 � Edison created the world�s first electric distribution center in New York City Electric streetcars, subways, in industry Built hydroelectric plants

14. World Trade and Finance World trade increased x10 from 1850-1913 Europe imported wheat from India and the U.S. wool from Australia beef from Argentina Europe exported coal, railroad equipment, textiles, and machinery to Asia and the Americas

15. Steamships were efficient and made freight cheap Economies changed Europe and North America Diversified and prospered Industries mass produced consumer goods like soap, canned and packaged foods, ready made clothes, household items, cosmetics

16. Capitalist economies were affected by each other and depression/recessions were felt globally 1870s-1880s � Germany, the U.S. and other late-industrializing nations raised tariffs to protect their industries from British competition Great Britain�s unmatched Power 1900 � 2/3 of the world�s submarine cables over half of the worlds� shipping Br. financed industrialization in other nations

17. Non-Industrial nations suffered from synthetic replacements new industry created needs for different materials copper for electrical wires

18. Social Changes

19. Population and Migrations 1850-1914 European population grew from 265 million to 468 million faster than ever before or since drop in death rate, fertilizers increased crop production, refrigeration allowed people to store foods

20. European migration to places like the U.S., New Zealand, Canada, Australia and Argentina Irish Famine 1847-1848 Persecution of Jews in Russia Poverty and population growth in Italy, Spain, Poland, and Scandinavia Steamships and railroads made it cheaper and faster

21. 1850-1910, the population of the U.S. nearly multiplied by four From 25 million to 98 million Asian Migration indentured laborers Indians went to Africa, Southeast Asia and tropical colonies of G. Britain Chinese to S.E. Asia and the East Indies Chinese and Japanese to California � encountered hostility from European Americans

22. Urbanization and Urban Environments Urban populations by 1914 Br. 80% Gr. 60% Fr. 45% Cities grew larger Population growth, railroads, and industry Railroads brought goods and allowed people to live farther from the city

23. New government regulations made life better for residents Pipe in clean water Pipe out sewage Electric lighting Police and fire protection Sanitation and garbage removal Health inspection Garbage removal Built schools and parks

24. Bigger cities Healthier conditions population growth use of contraceptives new neighborhoods middle class moved to the outskirts divided cities industrial, commercial and residential zones

25. newcomers moved in quickly the cities could not keep up conditions for these immigrants were as bad as they were in the early industrial era Pollution Air pollution from coal smoke Horse pollution yep, you guessed it Electricity helped end this streetcars and trains

26. Middle Class Women�s �Separate Sphere� Victorian Age 1850-1901 in English speaking countries Queen Victoria (r. 1837-1901) Men=masculine, courageous and strong Women=beautiful and kind Home = a loving refuge from competitive capitalism

27. �separate spheres� Men and women had different responsibilities Men went to work and relaxed a social clubs For women, raising children was the most important, running the household and spending the family money to increase the family�s status Education Boys prepared for the business world Girls were taught music, embroidery, and drawing

28. middle class families at least one servant Middle class women at work? Only until they were married Only certain jobs Couldn�t get professional jobs until after colleges allowed them to get degrees in the late 1800s Women could become teachers

29. Some women became activists against alcohol, prostitution and child labor others were fighting for women�s rights Emmeline Pankhurst, Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony all demanded the right to vote. U.S. 1914 (12 states) Great Britain 1918

30. Working Class Women Majority of textile workers Worked in factories and had to keep the house and the children girls began working as domestics at 10 worked 16+ hours a day usually worked 6 � days a week

31. Female factory workers earned 1/3 to 2/3 of men�s wages If she had children, she had to work from home many did piecework children were forced to help

32. Socialism and Labor Movements

33. Marx and Socialism Socialism against private property want to help workers Labor unions formed to protect workers

34. Karl Marx (1818-1883) German wrote the Communist Manifesto saw history as a long conflict between social classes saw business getting bigger and workers getting weaker felt this would lead to revolution and overthrow of the bourgeoisie he wanted a communist society without classes

35. Labor Movements Labor unions wanted better wages, improved work conditions, insurance against illness, accidents, disability and old age governments encourage workers involvement in govt. universal male suffrage in Europe and North America

36. 1875 Social Democratic Party of Germany became popular by 1912, had more seats in the Reichstag than any other party took part in the electoral process rather than revolution

37. Nationalism and the Unification of Germany and Italy

38. Language and National Identity Before 1871 Language united or divided people of a nation a means of persuasion Religion united or divided a region governments learned that mass politics could strengthen a nation

39. The Unification of Italy, 1860-1870 Had been separate provinces Push for unification Opposition Pope Pius XI Opposed modernization Austria Controlled 2 Italian provinces

40. Count Camillo Benso di Cavour prime minister of Piedmont- Sardinia allied with France and then started a war with Austria Italian provinces decided to join Piedmont-Sardinia, a constitutional monarchy

41. Giuseppe Garibaldi tried to start a republic Instead, Venetia became part of the P-S kingdom Italy was unified

42. The Unification of Germany, 1866-1871 Most people of Euro. spoke German Region of small states Divisions Austria and SW Germany were Catholic Prussia and the NE were Lutheran Prussia had the industrial region of the Rhineland they were the 1st Euro army to use railroads, telegraphs, breech loading rifles Prussia was ruled by Otto von Bismarck Prussia became the North German Confederation War with France (Franco Prussian War 1870-71), Germany gained more territory

43. Nationalism After 1871 Franco-Prussian War France more liberal Italy completed unification Nationalism used by leaders to appeal to the public used the press public schools admitted women into public service jobs tried to turn the poor against foreigners, not industry (anti-socialist) Often pushed on minority populations

44. The Great Powers of Europe 1871-1900

45. Germany at the Center of Europe Had the most powerful army Bismarck wanted to focus on peace loose coalition with Russia and Austria-Hungary he allowed all men to vote this put more socialist in the Reichstag imposed high tariffs on goods medical, unemployment, and disability insurance; old age pensions

46. Wilhelm II inherits the throne kicks out Bismarck wants colonies

47. The Liberal Powers: France and Great Britain France, not the top dog anymore population not growing much slow growth of industry people divided monarchist/Catholics republican/anticlerical

48. Great Britain successful Parliament with different parties income gap was narrowing Irish unhappy No feeling of nationalism because they were Catholic Economy Fell behind the U.S. and Germany preoccupied with empire too focused on Russia to pay attention to Germany

49. The Conservative Powers: Russia and Austria-Hungary Nationalism weakened these nations mixed ethnic groups and languages social differences both claim the Slavs the Balkans become �the tinder box of Europe�

50. Russia only 45% spoke the Russian language hard to encourage nationalism hard to enforce laws 1905 � elected a Duma (parliament) and a constitution following a loss to Japan

51. Japan Joins the Great Powers, 1865-1905

52. China, Japan, and the Western Powers, to 1867 China resisted western influence became weaker after the Opium Wars Empress Dowager Cixi Opposed railways and other foreign technology

53. Japan became an industrial and military power Tokugawa Shogunate had the power (military leader) Denied foreign access Lords realized Japan was weak 1853 � American Commodore Matthew Perry Arrived in Japan Demanded that Japan open up to the U.S. The Tokugawan�s gave in regional lords are angered

54. The Meiji Restoration and the Modernization of Japan, 1868-1894 1868 � rebels overthrew the Tokugawa Shogunate �Restored� power to the emperor, Mutsuhito Called the regime the Meiji Restoration encouraged industrialization, modernization and militarization western education & dress industrialization was encouraged through conglomerates

55. The Birth of Japanese Imperialism, 1894-1905 Why the change? defensive� to protect Japan from western countries

56. Yamagata Aritomo Meiji leader thought Japan needed a �sphere of influence� over Korea, Manchuria, and part of China big supporter of military industrialization battleships!

57. Sino-Japanese War 1894 Japan forced China to give up territories Western powers get nervous and help China China has to grant the west trade concessions like 90 treaty ports became a colonial power following the Russo-Japanese war in 1910. Japan gained Korea