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CHAPTER 8

Thinking, Language, & Intelligence PowerPoint  Lecture Notes Presentation. CHAPTER 8. Lecture Overview. Thinking Language Intelligence The Intelligence Controversy. Thinking.

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CHAPTER 8

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  1. Thinking, Language, & Intelligence PowerPoint  Lecture Notes Presentation CHAPTER 8 ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

  2. Lecture Overview • Thinking • Language • Intelligence • The Intelligence Controversy ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

  3. Thinking • Thinking, language, & intelligence are often studied underthe larger topic ofcognition (mental activities involved in acquiring, storing, retrieving, & using knowledge). ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

  4. Cognitive building blocks Thinking processes are distributed throughout the brain, especially the frontal lobe. Thinking ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

  5. Mental Image:Mental representation of a previously stored sensory experience, including visual, auditory, etc. Thinking—Three Components(1. Mental Image) ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

  6. Pause & Reflect: Critical Thinking • Can you explain how the two forms in (a) are the same, & how the two in (b) are different? ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

  7. To solve the problem rotate one of the objects in (b). Now compare the rotated image with the other object to see whether they match or not. Pause & Reflect: Critical Thinking(Solution) ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

  8. Thinking—Three Components(2. Concepts) • Concept:Mental representation of a group or category that shares similar characteristics (e.g., the concept of a river groups together the Nile, Amazon, & Mississippi) ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

  9. Thinking—Three Components(2. Concepts) How do we learn concepts?Three ways: • Artificial concepts--formed by logical, specific rules • Natural concepts/prototypes--formed by everyday life experiences • Hierarchies--group concepts into subcategories within broader categories ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

  10. Thinking—Three Components An Example of Hierarchies ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

  11. How is this child learning the concept of “footsteps”? Is it an artificial concept,anatural concept,or ahierarchy? Pause & Reflect: Assessment ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

  12. Thinking—Three Components (3. Language covered later in chapter) 3. Language:Form of communication using sounds & symbols combined according to specified rules ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

  13. Thinking—Problem Solving (Three Steps to the Goal) • Step 1: Preparation (identifying, separating, & defining the ultimate goal) • Step 2: Production (generating possible solutions, called hypotheses, by using algorithms&/or heuristics • Step 3: Evaluation (judging hypotheses in Step 2 against the criteria in Step 1) ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

  14. Thinking—Problem Solving (Three Steps to the Goal) Step 2: Production (Heuristics) ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

  15. 1. Mental Set: Persistence in using strategies that have worked in the past Using no more than four lines, can you connect all nine dots without lifting your pencil from the paper? Thinking—Five Key Barriers to Problem Solving ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

  16. To overcome a mental set you must literally “think outside the box”! Thinking—Five Key Barriers to Problem Solving (Mental Sets Solution) ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

  17. 2. Functional Fixedness:Thinking of an object as only functioning in its usual way Can you use these supplies to mount the candle on the wall so that it can be lit in a normal way without toppling over? Thinking—Five Key Barriers to Problem Solving ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

  18. To overcome functional fixedness,think of the matchbox, tacks, & candle all functioning in new ways. Thinking—Five Key Barriers to Problem Solving (Functional Fixedness Solution) ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

  19. Thinking—Five Key Barriers to Problem Solving • 3. Confirmation Bias:Preferring information that confirms preexisting positions or beliefs, while ignoring contradictory evidence • 4. Availability Heuristic:Judging the likelihood of an event based on how readily available other instances are in memory ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

  20. 5. Representativeness Heuristic: Estimating the probability of something based on how well the circumstances match (or represent) a previous prototype (e.g., expecting to buy a hamburger when you go to a McDonald’s or similar fast food restaurant) Thinking—Five Key Barriers to Problem Solving ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

  21. Pause & Reflect: Assessment • Overestimating the dangers of flying after 9/11 is an example of the_____ heuristic. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

  22. Thinking—Creativity • Creativity:Ability to produce valued outcomes in a novel way • Three elements of creativity: • Originality • Fluency • Flexibility ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

  23. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

  24. Thinking—Creativity • Divergent Thinking:Producing many alternatives or ideas from a single starting point; linked to creativity (e.g., reordering the letters “grevenidt” to form many new words) • Convergent Thinking:Attempting to find one correct answer; linked to conventional, non-creative thinking (e.g., 2 + 2 + 6 = ?) ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

  25. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

  26. Psychology offers fun, do-it-yourself tests.Would you like to test your creativity? Arrange 10 coins in this same configuration. By only moving two coins, can you create two rows of 6 coins? Pause & Reflect: Psychology at Work ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

  27. Thinking—Creativity • How did you do? Did you think of this creative solution to the 10 coin problem? ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

  28. Language: Three Building Blocks ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

  29. Language Development • Prelinguistic Stage:Crying, cooing, & babbling • Linguistic Stage:Single-utterances, telegraphic speech, & learning the rules of grammar ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

  30. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

  31. Theories of Language Development • Nature Perspective: Language is an inborn capacity that develops primarily by maturation • Chomsky’s language acquisition device (LAD) • Nurture Perspective: Language develops from a complex system of rewards, punishments, & imitation ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

  32. Some of the most successful nonhuman animal language studies have used American Sign Language (ASL). Animals & Language ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

  33. Pause & Reflect: Assessment • Label the three building blocks of language. • Chomsky believes we possess a _____, which is an inborn ability to learn language. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

  34. Intelligence • Intelligence:Global capacity to think rationally, act purposefully, & deal effectively with the environment • Intelligence is a hypothetical, abstract construct. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

  35. What Is Intelligence? Historical views of intelligence: 1. Single ability or general factor called “g” (Spearman) 2. Multiple abilities (Thurstone & Guilford) 3. Single ability with two types of g,fluid&crystallized intelligence(Cattell) 4. Multiple abilities (Gardner & Sternberg) ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

  36. Intelligence Models • Gardner • Sternberg ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

  37. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

  38. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

  39. How Do We Measure Intelligence? • Stanford-Binet & Wechslermost widely used individual intelligence tests. Both tests compute an intelligence quotient (IQ), which compares the deviation of a person’s test score to norms for that person’s age group. • Original version of Stanford-Binet (IQ = MA/CA x 100) ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

  40. Measuring Intelligence— The Normal Distribution of IQ Scores ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

  41. Measuring Intelligence— Sample Wechsler Tests ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

  42. Measuring Intelligence:Three Scientific Standards • Standardization:Establishes norms & uniform procedures for giving & scoring tests • Reliability:Measure of the consistency & stability of test scores over time • Validity:Ability of a test to measure what it was designed to measure ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

  43. Pause & Reflect: Assessment • Why is it important to recognize that intelligence is a hypothetical, abstract concept? • Briefly explain how reliability differs from validity. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

  44. The Intelligence Controversy—Extremes in Intelligence • Mental Retardation:IQs of 70 & below • Mental Giftedness: IQs of 135 & above ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

  45. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

  46. The Intelligence Controversy: Explaining Differences • Is it in the brain?All mental activity (including intelligence) results from neural activity in the brain. • Is it genetic or environmental influences?Heredity & environment are important, inseparable factors in intellectual development. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

  47. Which “leg” of the drawing is longer (a) or (b)? The amount of time individuals require to make a correct choice between quickly flashed items like the ones on this screen may reveal something about their intelligence. An Example of a Brain Test for Intelligence ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

  48. Genetic Vs. Environmental Influences on Intelligence ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

  49. The Intelligence Controversy: Are IQ Tests Culturally Biased? • Some ethnic groups score differently on IQ tests, but there are numerous contributing factors, including stereotype threat. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

  50. Pause & Reflect: Critical Thinking • Given the controversy over IQ tests, do you believe they should be abolished in public schools? Why or why not? ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

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