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Weather

Weather. Wind power Wind farms. 19.1. Weather. Weather is the condition of Earth’s atmosphere at any given time and place Meteorology. 19.2. Weather. Temperature Amount of thermal energy in the air Thermometers Thermographs. 19.2. Weather. Temperature Fahrenheit scale

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Weather

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  1. Weather • Wind power • Wind farms 19.1

  2. Weather • Weather is the condition of Earth’s atmosphere at any given time and place • Meteorology 19.2

  3. Weather • Temperature • Amount of thermal energy in the air • Thermometers • Thermographs 19.2

  4. Weather • Temperature • Fahrenheit scale • Water freezes at 32° • Water boils at 212° 19.2

  5. Weather • Temperature • Celsius scale • Water freezes at 0° • Water boils at 100° • A Fahrenheit degree is “larger” 19.2

  6. Weather • Pressure • Force exerted by air on a standard area • Changes with temperature, elevation 19.2

  7. Weather • Pressure • Units of force per area • Lb/in² or psi • N/m² or Pa • Bar, mbar • Barometer 19.2

  8. Weather • Wind is moving air • Wind direction is the direction from which the wind is coming • Weather vane 19.2

  9. Weather • Wind is moving air • Wind speed • Anemometer • Wind is associated with changing weather • Windchill effect 19.2

  10. Weather • Precipitation is any form of water that falls to the earth’s surface from the sky • Rain is most common • Rain gauge 19.2

  11. Weather • Humidity is a measure of the amount of invisible water vapor in the air • Absolute humidity • Relative humidity • Hygrometers 19.2

  12. Winds • Pressure effects • Pressure gradient • From higher to lower pressure 19.3

  13. Winds • Coriolis effect • Deflects winds • Deflection depends on hemisphere and speed 19.3

  14. Winds • Friction effects • Friction force • Drag • Opposite of the direction wind blows • Related to wind speed 19.3

  15. Winds • Cyclones and anticyclones • Surface winds • Pressure gradient, Coriolis effect, and friction all affect the wind direction and speed 19.3

  16. Winds • Cyclones and anticyclones • Cyclonic wind pattern • Anticyclonic wind pattern • Many other factors also affect surface winds 19.3

  17. Winds • Global winds • Trade winds • Near 30° latitudes • Prevailing westerlies • Polar easterlies • Cold, dry 19.4

  18. Winds • Permanent highs, lows • Doldrums • Horse latitudes • Subpolar lows • Polar highs 19.4

  19. Winds • Local winds • Causes • Sea and land breezes • Valley and mountain breezes • Chinooks and foehns 19.5

  20. Clouds • Humidity • Warmer air can hold more water vapor than cooler air • Dew point • Condensation 19.6

  21. Clouds • A cloud is a mass of extremely tiny liquid water droplets or ice crystals in the air • Two methods of formation 19.6

  22. Clouds • Air must absorb enough water vapor to condense water droplets (or ice crystals) at its existing temperature 19.6

  23. Clouds • Air must cool to the dew point for the amount of water vapor it is holding to condense or form ice crystals 19.6

  24. Clouds • Air can cool simply by rising • Condensation nuclei • Freezing nuclei 19.6

  25. Clouds • Supercooled clouds • Liquid water at temperatures below the freezing point of water • Atmosphere must be quiet 19.6

  26. Clouds • Types of clouds • Shapes • Stratus • Cumulus • Cirrus 19.7

  27. Clouds • Types of clouds • Altitude zones • Strato- • Alto- • Cirro- • Cumulo- 19.7

  28. Clouds • Types of clouds • Fog is a stratus-like cloud that forms at ground level • Nimbus 19.7

  29. Clouds • Precipitation • Cloud water droplets are very small (about 0.02 mm) • Coalescence • Rain • Drizzle 19.8

  30. Clouds • Precipitation • Freezing rain • Sleet • Updrafts • Hail • Snow • Wintry mix 19.8

  31. Clouds • Dew forms on objects that are cooler than the surrounding air • Heavier dew forms when air is calm 19.9

  32. Clouds • Colder air cannot hold as much moisture as warmer air • Frost 19.9

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