Salvete , discipuli ! Chapter XXIII: Participles

1. Salvete, discipuli! Chapter XXIII: Participles

2. Verbal Aspects Indicative Subjunctive Imperative Infinitive Participle Active Passive Present Imperfect Future Perfect Pluperfect Future Perfect 1st 2nd 3rd Singular Plural

3. What is a Participle? • A Participle is typically defined as a verbal adjective because it is used to describe nouns doing actions: • The red ball is over there. • The tall boy is my nephew.

4. What is a Participle? • A Participle is typically defined as a verbal adjective because it is used to describe nouns doing actions: • The bouncing ball is over there. • The tall boy is my nephew.

5. What is a Participle? • A Participle is typically defined as a verbal adjective because it is used to describe nouns doing actions: • The bouncing ball is over there. • The beloved boy is my nephew.

6. What is a Participle? • A Participle is typically defined as a verbal adjective because it is used to describe nouns doing actions: • The bouncing ball is over there. • The beloved boy is my nephew. • All of the above examples a) describe a noun and b) are derived from a verb.

7. Verbal Aspects Indicative Subjunctive Imperative Infinitive Participle Active Passive Present Imperfect Future Perfect Pluperfect Future Perfect 1st 2nd 3rd Singular Plural

8. Verbal Aspects Indicative Subjunctive Imperative Infinitive Participle Active Passive Present Imperfect Future Perfect Pluperfect Future Perfect As a participle is not fully a verb, it does not have Person OR Number!

9. How many Participles are there? • Simply put, there are three types of participles that one can use to describe a noun. • Present Participle • Past (Perfect) Participle • Future Participle • The reason there are only 3 participles is because there are 3 times when an action could occur: now, before or later.

10. The Present Participle • In English, the Present Participle is simply translated as an “-ing” word. • Bouncingball • Runningboy • It is used to describe an action that is contemporaneous with the main verb: • The girl sat crying on the sofa. • Did you see that man dancing? • Thinking about his wife, Bob runs to the store to buy flowers

11. The Past (Perfect) Participle • In English, the Perfect Participle is formed as “having” + an “-ed” word. The • It is used to describe an action that occurred before the main verb: • Having bought a bike, she cycled home. • Having lived there for such a long time, he did not want to move. • Having stubbed her toe, Lucy cries out in pain.

12. The Past (Perfect) Participle • In English, there is also a Perfect Passive Participle, whichis formed by adding “been” to the equation: • Having been cooked, the food looked delicious. • Having been screwed over by her boss for too long, Sandy finally quit her job. • Having been struck by the news, Jeff hurried home.

13. The Past (Perfect) Participle • In English, the Perfect Passive Participle can also be shortened to just the “-ed” word, but it still functions in the same manner: • The exhaustedman fell asleep. • A beloveddog never leaves its master. • The learnedscholar is a great teacher.

14. The Future Participle • In English, there is a seldom-used Future Participle that can be formed by the phrase “fixin’ to _______”. • Fixin’ to go to school, the boy packs his lunch. • Fixin’ to write a letter, Jackie searched for a pen and paper. • There is also a Future Passive Participle that can be formed by the phrase “fixin’ to be _______”. • Fixin’ to be scolded by his wife, Matt avoided his house for a few hours.

15. Participles Reviewed • In English, there are 3 tenses of the Participle: • Present • (Past) Perfect [Active and Passive] • Future • They are formed: • Present = “ing” • Perfect Active “having _____ed” • Perfect Passive “having been _____ed” • Future Active “fixin’ to ______” • Future Passive “fixin’ to be ______ed”

16. Participle Practice • In groups of two, write a paragraph that has examples of all the participles we have learned. • Present • Perfect Active • Perfect Passive • Future Active • Future Passive

17. How many Participles are there? • This is true in Latin, as there are only 3 participles: - Present Active - Perfect Passive - Future Active

18. The Participle Box To help organize the participles in Latin, we use what is called the Participle Box.

19. The Participle Box However, as we said before, the Participle has only 3 tenses…so we need to adjust our box.

20. The Perfect Passive Participle • The most commonly used Participle in Latin is the Perfect Passive Participle. • To form the Perfect Passive Participle, simply take the Fourth Principle Partfrom a verb and put 2-1-2 adjective endings on it.

21. Perfect Passive Participle amō, amāre, amāvī, amatum = amatus, a, um habeō, habēre, habuī, habitum = habitus, a, um ducō, ducere, duxī, ductum = ductus, a, um faciō, facere, fecī, factum = factus, a, um audiō, audīre, audīvī, auditum = auditus, a, um All perfect passive participles are translated: “having been ______ed”

22. The Participle Box amo, amare, amavi, amatus

23. Practice • perfect passive participle of peto, petere, petivi, petitum • perfect passive participle of educo, educāre, educavi, educatum • perfect passive participle of iubeo, iubēre, iussi, iussum

24. The Future Active Participle • The next participle we will look at is the Future Active Participle. • To form the Future Active Participle, simply take the Fourth Principle Partfrom a verb and add “urus, ura, urum”on it. • A good way to remember this is the word Future.

25. Future Active Participle amō, amāre, amāvī, amatum = amaturus, ura, urum habeō, habēre, habuī, habitum = habiturus, ura, urum ducō, ducere, duxī, ductum = ducturus, ura, urum faciō, facere, fecī, factum = facturus, ura, urum audiō, audīre, audīvī, auditum = auditurus, ura, urum All future active participles are translated: “fixin’ to ________”

26. The Participle Box amo, amare, amavi, amatus

27. Practice • future active participle of peto, petere, petivi, petitum • future active participle of educo, educāre, educavi, educatum • future active participle of iubeo, iubēre, iussi, iussum

28. The Present Active Participle • The last of the three Latin participles is the Present Active Participle. • To form the Present Active Participle, simply take the Present Stemfrom a verb and add “ns, ntis”onto it. • A good way to remember this is the word Present.

29. The Present Active Participle • However, as we have seen before, the 3rd-io and 4th conjugations like to add an ‘i’ to verbs in the present system. • Therefore, to form the Present Active Participle in the 3rd-io or 4th conjugation, add an ‘i’ to the stem of the verb before adding “ns, ntis”onto it.

30. Present Active Participle amō, amāre, amāvī, amatum = amans, ntis habeō, habēre, habuī, habitum = habens, ntis ducō, ducere, duxī, ductum = ducens, ntis faciō, facere, fecī, factum = faciens, ntis audiō, audīre, audīvī, auditum = audiens, ntis All present active participles are translated: “_________ing”

31. The Participle Box amo, amare, amavi, amatus

32. Practice • present active participle of peto, petere, petivi, petitum • present active participle of educo, educāre, educavi, educatum • present active participle of capio, capere, cepi, captus

33. The Gerundive • The last member of the Participle Box is not a participle in a strict sense, but is closely related. It is called the Gerundive. • The Gerundive is a method of expressing obligation or necessity in Latin. • It is translated “ought to be ______ed”

34. The Gerundive • To form the Gerundive, simply take the Present Stemfrom a verb and add “ndus, a, um”onto it. • cf. Amanda, Miranda and agenda • Again, as with the Present Active Participle, verbs of the 3rd-io and 4th conjugations add an ‘i’ to the stem before the “ndus, a, um” • A good way to remember the ending is from the word gerundive.

35. Gerundives amō, amāre, amāvī, amatum = amandus, a, um habeō, habēre, habuī, habitum = habendus, a, um ducō, ducere, duxī, ductum = ducendus, a, um faciō, facere, fecī, factum = faciendus, a, um audiō, audīre, audīvī, auditum = audiendus, a, um All gerundives are translated: “ought to be ______ed”

36. The Participle Box amo, amare, amavi, amatus

37. Practice • gerundive of peto, petere, petivi, petitum • gerundive of educo, educāre, educavi, educatum • gerundive of capio, capere, cepi, captus

38. Participles Reviewed amo, amare, amavi, amatus

39. Declining Participles The endings on Participles are there so that a participle can agree with the noun it describes in gender, number, and case. This occurs in the same manner that we have seen with adjectives.

40. Declining Participles The endings for the last three participles follow 2-1-2 adjectives. Therefore, we see “us, a, um”.

41. Declining Participles • Therefore, these participles can modify nouns in any case: puer amatus = the beloved boy puerī amatī = of the beloved boy puerō amatō = to the beloved boy puerum amatum = the beloved boy puerō amatō = by the beloved boy

42. Declining Participles The endings for the present active participle follow 3rd declension adjectives. Therefore, we see the nom. and gen. of a 1 termination adj.

43. Declining Participles • Still, this participle can also modify nouns in any case (cf. potens, potentis): puer amans = the loving boy puerī amantis = of the loving boy puerō amantī = to the loving boy puerum amantem = the loving boy puerō amantī/e = by the loving boy ** when used as an attributive adjective, use “ī”, as a substantive, use “e”.

44. Practice • amantipuellae • dicta verba • regetimendō • audituraefeminae

45. Homework • HW 31