Garth Harmsworth (Te Arawa, Ng ā ti T ū wharetoa , Ng ā ti Raukawa )

1. Māori knowledge systems, networks and actions for climate changeNZCC Conference4-5 June 2013Palmerston North Garth Harmsworth (Te Arawa, Ngāti Tūwharetoa, Ngāti Raukawa) LandcareResearch NZ Ltd, Palmerston North HarmsworthG@LandcareResearch.co.nz Shaun Awatere (Ngāti Porou) Landcare Research NZ Ltd, Hamilton AwatereS@landcareresearch.co.nz

2. Māori knowledge systems, networks and actions for climate change • Making sense of climate change • Māori knowledge systems and frameworks • Māori networks for action • Selected examples for addressing climate change issues

3. Māori: Plethora of issues to deal with Treaty of Waitangi/claims Retention and control of Maori land Water issues/rights Degrading natural resources/access issues Disasters/hazards District plans, rules, regional plans Biodiversity/Taonga spp/Wai 262 Biosecurity risks Climate change • Economic recession • Monetary pressures/day to day survival • Politics/Working with central and local Govt • Relative poverty • Social inequality/disparities • Families/Whānau • Low socio-economic incomes • Health issues • Educational status • Unemployment • High crime

4. Māori concepts and frameworks • “create a context to make sense of issues and prioritise” • “distinct and relevant knowledge frameworks and cultural contexts (e.g. mātauranga/Māori values, tino rangatiratanga, Māori outcomes-aspirations, kaitiakitanga, sustainability, mitigation-adaptation-resilience, etc.)” • “can be used to articulate Māori perspectives, values, concepts, issues, and aspirational goals (e.g. healthy environment, healthy people, business enterprise, equity, social justice, self-determination, self-sufficiency, improved standards of living)” • “used to develop strategies and actions” • “provide rationale and guidance towards positive behavioursand actions”

8. Māori aspirations defined as outcome goals and classes by Durie (2003)

9. A Mana Whenua framework: Te Kōhao o te Ngira (from Auckland Council)

10. Networks NZ Networks Māori Networks Iwi and hapū representatives/groups Māori reference groups Advisory groups/committees Industry/sector groups Māori networks (e.g. FOMA) Government organisations (Māori units Local government (Māori units) Individuals Māori Consultants Kaitiaki groups Collaboration Partnerships Joint ventures • Central Government • Local Government • Industry • Stakeholder groups (Forestry, Farming, etc) • Community groups/NGO’s • CRI’s • NZAGRC • NZCCC • Consultants

11. Māori aspirations/goals • High degree of interest in moving to a low carbon economy • Māori values, concepts and principles, such as kaitiakitanga, are central to behaviours and actions (e.g., sustainable goals and measures) • Strong focus on collective Iwi/hapū/whānau/marae enterprise and regional development (e.g., community and iwi based) • Finding the right balance – Economic prosperity across the 4 well beings, social, cultural, and environmental – and (5) political i.e. but not at any cost • Enhance Māori and national wellbeing • Māori wanting to become more self sufficient locally (tino rangatiratanga) – away from national dependency • Reduce social inequalities/disparities (achieve greater social and economic equity) • A distinct Māori culture/identity within a national and global markets – values, high quality products, greater control across supply chain, manage footprints, verification, sustainability principles, value added products/premiums, indigenous branding – cultural authenticity/uniqueness • Increase role in decision-making e.g. co-governance, co-management

12. Actions (examples) • Kaitiakitanga (e.g., guardianship) • Food security/food sovereignty (Tino rangatiratanga, mana motuhake) • Greater self-sufficiency (esp. in rural communities, e.g., community energy projects) • Alternative energy/renewable energy/sustainable energy • Environmental-Cultural projects (both urban and rural) • Zero waste policies/recycling • Improved housing/sustainable housing/papa kainga • Transport design e.g. use of public transport • Uptake of science and mātauranga Māori for improved sustainable land management practices (future proofing landscapes, resilient communities) • Planning and policy (across the 4 well-beings)

13. Selected examples • Renewable energy: electricity production – wind (4% NZ), solar, hydro (55% NZ), geothermal (~10% NZ), etc. • Energy sector partnerships: (e.g., Taupō-Rotorua, NgāAwa Purua geothermal on the Rotokawa geothermal resource – Mighty River and Tauhara North No.2 Trust; Contact energy and Taheke 8C; Tuaropaki -Mokai • Strong Māori organics movement – Te Waka Kai Ora, Aunty’s garden in Hawkes Bay, manukahoney • Strengthen families – e.g., Whānau ora, iwi/hapū strategies • Healthy homes e.g., Te Tairāwhiti, Ngāti Tuwharetoa, Ngā Puhi, Tai Tokerau – He Iwi Kotahi Tatou Trust • Cultural design practice/urban design (based on Māori values) • Insulation in homes/improved quality of housing • Long-term land/water/air/biodiversity/ecosystem strategies: “Resilient landscapes – resilient communities” – e.g., sustainable land development, agriculture/farming/forestry, drought strategies, nutrient management, flood/sea level planning • Multi-functional landscapes: e.g., sustainable food production, farming, ecotourism, biodiversity and cultural enhancement, rongoa/pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, forestry, carbon, wood fuels, etc.

14. (1) Māori and energy • Tuaropaki Power Company – owned by Tuaropaki Trust, have their own geothermal power plant at Mokai (Taupo) (produces 113MW ). Miraka milk powder plant on geothermal • Rotokawa joint venture – Tauhara North No. 2 Trust (Taupō) partnership with Mighty River Power for the Nga Awa Purua Geothermal Power Station (NAPG capacity 165MW, and Rotokawa field PS 300MW) • Taheke 8 C and Adjoining Blocks Inc(Lake Rotoiti) – joint venture with Contact Energy to build a geothermal power plant (appraisal/dev of Taheke geothermal resource, IDG services to Taheke) • Te Ahi o Maui project – Kawerau A8D Block Ahu Whenua Trust, (Tuwharetoa ki Kawerau) have an MOU with Innovations Development Group (IDG) a Hawaii based organisation which premises its business on the philosophy of “Native to Native” trade to develop a (~50-100 MW) geothermal power station.

15. (2) Eco-Marae (sustainable marae) • Environmental design criteria and options have included: solar panels, passive lighting, good insulation, gas cooking, solar water heating, photovoltaic cells, standby generator, high efficiency refrigeration, rainwater collection and filtering, composting grey water toilets, recycling water, upgraded sewerage treatment systems, zero waste, recycling, etc.

16. (3) Māori land and enterprise

17. Climate change and risk assessment on Māori land (“future proofing landscapes”)

18. Risk Assessment

19. Conclusions • Relevant frameworks and contexts therefore increase our awareness and ability to understand and be informed, synthesise complex information, build capacity, plan, and act • This model leads to more responsive planning through the development of meaningful strategies and actions – individually and collectively – that can increase resilience and adaptation to long-term imperceptible changes such as climate change, or short-term spontaneous changes and perturbations such as storm events, flooding, and earthquakes