A collage of rulers the US has overthrown or threatened to overthrow

A collage of rulers the US has overthrown or threatened to overthrow

FC.148B THE U.S. AND LATIN AMERICA a Vicious cycle of Latin American instability (FC.108A)

Europeans encourage 1 product economies US sees W. Hemisphere as its sphere of influence Chile (1973) Too dependant on foreign mkts Spanish bureaucrats leave during revolutions Only military left to run gov’s Unstable economiesUnstable military dictatorships Military coups & revolutions Direct intervention by US Mexico: 1846-48, 1914, 1916; Panama: 1903-18; 1989 Cuba: 1898-1902, 1917,1921-23; 1933; 1961 Dominican Rep: 1916-24;1965-66 Haiti: 1915-34 Puerto Rico:1898-now Guatemala: 1954 Nicaragua: 1912-33;1981-87 Grenada: 1983 FC.108A THE VICIOUS CYCLE AFFECTING LATIN AMERICAN NATIONS Latin Amer. Colonies gain independence (FC.107)

FC.148B THE U.S. AND LATIN AMERICA a Monroe Doctrine (1823)  US feels entitled to sovereignty in W. Hemisphere Vicious cycle of Latin American instability (FC.108A)

FC.148B THE U.S. AND LATIN AMERICA a Monroe Doctrine (1823)  US feels entitled to sovereignty in W. Hemisphere Industrial expansion US corporations have vested interests in Lat. Am. Econ’s Vicious cycle of Latin American instability (FC.108A)

FC.148B THE U.S. AND LATIN AMERICA a Long history of direct intervention by US before the Cold War: Mexico: 1846-48, 1914, 1916; Panama: 1903-18 Cuba: 1898-1902, 1917,1921-23; 1933 Domin. Rep: 1916-24 Haiti: 1915-34 Puerto Rico:1898 Nicaragua: 1912-33 Monroe Doctrine (1823)  US feels entitled to sovereignty in W. Hemisphere Industrial expansion US corporations have vested interests in Lat. Am. Econ’s Vicious cycle of Latin American instability (FC.108A)

FC.148B THE U.S. AND LATIN AMERICA a Long history of direct intervention by US before the Cold War: Mexico: 1846-48, 1914, 1916; Panama: 1903-18 Cuba: 1898-1902, 1917,1921-23; 1933 Domin. Rep: 1916-24 Haiti: 1915-34 Puerto Rico:1898 Nicaragua: 1912-33 Monroe Doctrine (1823)  US feels entitled to sovereignty in W. Hemisphere Industrial expansion US corporations have vested interests in Lat. Am. Econ’s Vicious cycle of Latin American instability (FC.108A) Cold War & fear of Comm. US suspects any reformers in Latin America as being Comm’s (FC.140)

FC.148B THE U.S. AND LATIN AMERICA a Long history of direct intervention by US before the Cold War: Mexico: 1846-48, 1914, 1916; Panama: 1903-18 Cuba: 1898-1902, 1917,1921-23; 1933 Domin. Rep: 1916-24 Haiti: 1915-34 Puerto Rico:1898 Nicaragua: 1912-33 Monroe Doctrine (1823)  US feels entitled to sovereignty in W. Hemisphere Industrial expansion US corporations have vested interests in Lat. Am. Econ’s Vicious cycle of Latin American instability (FC.108A) Cold War & fear of Comm. US suspects any reformers in Latin America as being Comm’s (FC.140) WWII SU too weak to extend its infl. into W. Hem. unless there is alreadyan est. Comm. State (FC.136)

FC.148B THE U.S. AND LATIN AMERICA a Long history of direct intervention by US before the Cold War: Mexico: 1846-48, 1914, 1916; Panama: 1903-18 Cuba: 1898-1902, 1917,1921-23; 1933 Domin. Rep: 1916-24 Haiti: 1915-34 Puerto Rico:1898 Nicaragua: 1912-33 Monroe Doctrine (1823)  US feels entitled to sovereignty in W. Hemisphere Industrial expansion US corporations have vested interests in Lat. Am. Econ’s When progressive reformer, Jacobo Arbenz works for land reform in Guatemala, Amer. Fruit Co., which owns much of the country, convinces US govt. that he is Comm. CIA replaces him with a brutal dictatorship (1954) Vicious cycle of Latin American instability (FC.108A) Cold War & fear of Comm. US suspects any reformers in Latin America as being Comm’s (FC.140) WWII SU too weak to extend its infl. into W. Hem. unless there is alreadyan est. Comm. State (FC.136)

Time Magazine’s account of events in Guatemala (6/28/1954) “In Guatemala, a lush, green little country only 1,000 miles from the U.S., anti-Communist and pro-Communist forces were locked in battle this week…Guatemala's Communist-line government called it ‘aggression’ & ‘invasion,’ & shrilled accusations against its neighbors, including the U.S.… “…No one had given his [Castillo Armas] plans for "liberating" Guatemala much chance. But suddenly last week he was calling himself "Supreme Chief of the Movement of National Liberation," & doing his best to look like it. From his Tegucigalpa house, boxes of arms appeared & were loaded into trucks. Soldiers were recruited, & promised pay of $2.50 a day. The force thus swiftly mobilized was uniformed in fresh suntans, & airlifted (in commercial DC-3s, at $400 a flight) to Macuelizo, Copan & Nueva Ocotepeque, Honduran hamlets on the Guatemalan frontier. “….President Jacobo Arbenz, the stubborn, enigmatic career soldier who had started the trouble in the first place by flinging wide the palace doors and welcoming Communists into his government, had plenty to think about. …” “…the government passed out guns to some of its Red-led unions of workers and peasants, and sent them to police roads and villages in the interior. “… In the air, meanwhile, Castillo Armas' pilots were scoring successes. His air force was tiny but effective. It took only a small Cessna plane, carrying hand grenades & a light machine gun, to blow up the gasoline tanks at the Pacific port of San Jose, thus forcing Arbenz into immediate & drastic gas rationing. F47 Thunderbolts —Castillo Armas would not say where they were flying from—strafed Guatemala City & Puerto Barrios. Arbenz was embarrassingly unable to fight back. His air force, made up of a few lightly armed trainers, was no match for F-47s….” “If there is any kind of bravery he lacks, it is perhaps the higher degree of courage that could enable a man to look into his own heart and see what his reckless flirtation with Communism has done—and may yet do—to his country and his people….” a

FC.148B THE U.S. AND LATIN AMERICA a Nicaragua: 1912-33 Long history of direct intervention by US before the Cold War: When progressive reformer, Jacobo Arbenz works for land reform in Guatemala, Amer. Fruit Co., which owns much of the country, convinces US govt. that he is Comm. CIA replaces him with a brutal dictatorship (1954) Industrial expansion US corporations have vested interests in Lat. Am. Econ’s Puerto Rico:1898 Monroe Doctrine (1823)  US feels entitled to sovereignty in W. Hemisphere Domin. Rep: 1916-24 Cuba: 1898-1902, 1917,1921-23; 1933 Panama: 1903-18 Mexico: 1846-48, 1914, 1916; Haiti: 1915-34 Vicious cycle of Latin American instability (FC.108A) Cold War & fear of Comm. US suspects any reformers in Latin America as being Comm’s (FC.140) WWII SU too weak to extend its infl. into W. Hem. unless there is alreadyan est. Comm. State (FC.136) Castro overthrows brutal US-backed dictator, Batista, in 1959 US reacts vs Castro’s soc. leanings Castro declares Cuba is Comm. & gets Sov. aid Cuban Missile Crisis (1962) Soviet-backed Comm. dictatorship entrenched in W. Hem. (FC.143)

FC.148B THE U.S. AND LATIN AMERICA a Nicaragua: 1912-33 Panama: 1903-18 Cuba: 1898-1902, 1917,1921-23; 1933 Domin. Rep: 1916-24 Haiti: 1915-34 Monroe Doctrine (1823)  US feels entitled to sovereignty in W. Hemisphere Puerto Rico:1898 Long history of direct intervention by US before the Cold War: Industrial expansion US corporations have vested interests in Lat. Am. Econ’s When progressive reformer, Jacobo Arbenz works for land reform in Guatemala, Amer. Fruit Co., which owns much of the country, convinces US govt. that he is Comm. CIA replaces him with a brutal dictatorship (1954) US sees them as Comm' s replaces them w/dictators backed by MC who fear Comm’s Mexico: 1846-48, 1914, 1916; Rising frustration w/status quo Encourages other reformers in Lat. Amer. Vicious cycle of Latin American instability (FC.108A) Cold War & fear of Comm. US suspects any reformers in Latin America as being Comm’s (FC.140) WWII SU too weak to extend its infl. into W. Hem. unless there is alreadyan est. Comm. State (FC.136) Castro overthrows brutal US-backed dictator, Batista, in 1959 US reacts vs Castro’s soc. leanings Castro declares Cuba is Comm. & gets Sov. aid Cuban Missile Crisis (1962) Soviet-backed Comm. dictatorship entrenched in W. Hem. (FC.143)

FC.148B THE U.S. AND LATIN AMERICA a Nicaragua: 1912-33 Panama: 1903-18 Cuba: 1898-1902, 1917,1921-23; 1933 Domin. Rep: 1916-24 Haiti: 1915-34 Puerto Rico:1898 Monroe Doctrine (1823)  US feels entitled to sovereignty in W. Hemisphere Long history of direct intervention by US before the Cold War: Industrial expansion US corporations have vested interests in Lat. Am. Econ’s When progressive reformer, Jacobo Arbenz works for land reform in Guatemala, Amer. Fruit Co., which owns much of the country, convinces US govt. that he is Comm. CIA replaces him with a brutal dictatorship (1954) Chile: CIA helps Gen. Pinochet overthrow popular reformer, Allende (1973) US sees them as Comm' s replaces them w/dictators backed by MC who fear Comm’s Mexico: 1846-48, 1914, 1916; Rising frustration w/status quo Encourages other reformers in Lat. Amer. Vicious cycle of Latin American instability (FC.108A) Cold War & fear of Comm. US suspects any reformers in Latin America as being Comm’s (FC.140) WWII SU too weak to extend its infl. into W. Hem. unless there is alreadyan est. Comm. State (FC.136) Castro overthrows brutal US-backed dictator, Batista, in 1959 US reacts vs Castro’s soc. leanings Castro declares Cuba is Comm. & gets Sov. aid Cuban Missile Crisis (1962) Soviet-backed Comm. dictatorship entrenched in W. Hem. (FC.143)

The overthrow of Salvadore Allende in Chile (9/24/1973) “For two terrible days last week, the capital of Chile turned into a bloody battleground. Planes roared in almost at rooftop level, firing rockets & sowing bombs. Tanks rumbled through the streets, tearing holes in walls with shells from their cannon. … The principal target, the Presidential Palace, disappeared behind a veil of smoke and flames. Inside, Chile's Marxist President Salvador Allende Gossens, 65, died in his office as a military junta took over his country. “After his inauguration three years ago, Allende had stood on the small balcony outside his office in the palace to launch a great experiment. While thousands of his supporters cheered in the plaza below, he announced a unique undertaking: he intended to lead Chile along a democratic road to socialism. Last week the balcony still stood, although the palace was a smoldering ruin. So was Allende's Marxist vision for his country…. “…Allende's downfall had implications that reached far beyond the borders of Chile. His had been the first democratically elected Marxist government in Latin America. Moderate Lathis will certainly want no more such experiments because of Chile's experience; leftists, on the other hand, will ruefully conclude that revolution is a surer route to power than the ballot box. The U.S. was embarrassed by the coup−though Washington insisted that it had taken no part. Anti-imperialists everywhere immediately assumed that Washington was behind his downfall. At week's end the U.S. had made no move to recognize the new government, but most observers expected an improvement in relations. The change of Chilean governments might also affect U.S. corporations; their sizable holdings had been taken over by Allende, but they now might at least be reimbursed for what they had lost by a more sympathetic government.

FC.148B THE U.S. AND LATIN AMERICA a Monroe Doctrine (1823)  US feels entitled to sovereignty in W. Hemisphere Panama: 1903-18 Cuba: 1898-1902, 1917,1921-23; 1933 Domin. Rep: 1916-24 Haiti: 1915-34 Puerto Rico:1898 Industrial expansion US corporations have vested interests in Lat. Am. Econ’s Nicaragua: 1912-33 Long history of direct intervention by US before the Cold War: When progressive reformer, Jacobo Arbenz works for land reform in Guatemala, Amer. Fruit Co., which owns much of the country, convinces US govt. that he is Comm. CIA replaces him with a brutal dictatorship (1954) Nicaragua: Sandinistas overthrow US backed dict., Somoza (1979) CIA backed Contras try to overthrow Sand’s US $ gets Sand’s voted out (1987) Chile: CIA helps Gen. Pinochet overthrow popular reformer, Allende (1973) US sees them as Comm' s replaces them w/dictators backed by MC who fear Comm’s Mexico: 1846-48, 1914, 1916; Rising frustration w/status quo Encourages other reformers in Lat. Amer. Vicious cycle of Latin American instability (FC.108A) Cold War & fear of Comm. US suspects any reformers in Latin America as being Comm’s (FC.140) WWII SU too weak to extend its infl. into W. Hem. unless there is alreadyan est. Comm. State (FC.136) Castro overthrows brutal US-backed dictator, Batista, in 1959 US reacts vs Castro’s soc. leanings Castro declares Cuba is Comm. & gets Sov. aid Cuban Missile Crisis (1962) Soviet-backed Comm. dictatorship entrenched in W. Hem. (FC.143)

Time Magazine’s account of US hostility to Daniel Ortega (9/24/1973) To Ronald Reagan, Nicaragua is a "cancer" in the Western Hemisphere, a potential Soviet "beachhead" in North America, a haven for dope smugglers and terrorists. The country is in the grip of "an outlaw regime" of Marxist-Leninists who torture pastors and burn down synagogues. Left to fester, Reagan warned the nation last week, the Nicaragua of Sandinista Leader Daniel Ortega Saavedra will become a "second Cuba"--worse, a "second Libya, right on the doorstep of the United States." The specter conjured up by the President is a frightening one, and though exaggerated, it contains elements of truth. But last week it failed to move a majority of the U.S. House of Representatives. In a vote that had been billed as a vital test of the Administration's interventionist foreign policy, the Democratic-controlled House rejected, at least for the moment, the President's request to give $100 million in aid to the Nicaraguan contras, who seek to overthrow the Sandinista regime. … To a disappointed Reagan, the vote was "a dark day for freedom." a Last week's rebuff was merely a "lost battle in a war we're going to win," declared White House Communications Director Patrick Buchanan. "We will never give up," vowed the President as he posed for photographers with three contra leaders who had flown to Washington to plead with legislators on Capitol Hill. He held up a button that read IF YOU LIKE CUBA, YOU'LL LOVE NICARAGUA.

Time Magazine article on arms sales to Iran (11/17/86) “The tale sounded really too bizarre to be believed. The U.S. conniving at arms shipments to Iran? Sending a secret mission to palaver with the mullahs? Trying to keep the whole thing from Congress and most of the U.S. Government? And all over Iran, of all places! The country that held Americans hostage for 444 days beginning in 1979, the land whose fanatical leader, Ayatullah Ruhollah Khomeini, has never ceased to denounce America as the "Great Satan," the state widely suspected to this very day of fomenting terrorist attacks against Americans.“Yet there is no question that it happened. Initially in the perhaps illusory hope of gaining influence with a post-Khomeini government in Iran, but eventually also as an inducement for Iranian help in winning freedom for U.S. hostages held by Muslim zealots in Lebanon, the Reagan Administration approved clandestine shipments of military equipment -- ammunition, spare parts for tanks and jet fighters -- to Iran through Israel. a “As long as the deep secret was kept -- even from most of the U.S. intelligence community -- the maneuver in one sense worked. Iran apparently leaned on Lebanese terrorists to set free three American hostages, the latest of whom, David Jacobsen, flew home to the U.S. last week for a Rose Garden meeting with Ronald Reagan. But once the broad outlines of the incredible story became known, the consequences were dire. The Administration appeared to have violated at least the spirit, and possibly the letter, of a long succession of U.S. laws that are intended to stop any arms transfers, direct ( or indirect, to Iran. Washington looked to be sabotaging its own efforts to organize a worldwide embargo against arms sales to Iran, and hypocritically flouting its incessant admonitions to friends and allies not to negotiate with terrorists for the release of their captives.

Time Magazine article on Iran-Contra (12/8/86) They were only five words, and rather bland ones at that. But they were among the most self-damaging the President of the U.S. could have uttered. "I was not fully informed," Ronald Reagan told the reporters he summoned to a special briefing last Tuesday. In an attempt to defend himself from suspicion of complicity in the biggest scandal to threaten Washington since Watergate, he thus highlighted the most fundamental flaw in his stewardship of the presidency, one that could undermine his effectiveness for the remaining two years of his term. More immediately shocking, to be sure, were the other matters that Reagan and Attorney General Edwin Meese went on to disclose. America's secret sale of arms to Iran, distressing enough to begin with, had turned into an outright scandal: much of the money Iran paid for the weapons had been diverted to the contras in Nicaragua. There was every indication that laws had been broken. Heads were starting to roll: Reagan had accepted the resignation of National Security Adviser John Poindexter, the fourth departure from that critical post ( in six years, and fired Marine Lieut. Colonel Oliver North, Poindexter's subordinate in the National Security Council. Perhaps most startling of all, Reagan and Meese were asking the nation to believe something that seemed flat- out incredible: that Ollie North, a furtive, 43-year-old member of the NSC staff who operated out of an office across the street from the White House, had arranged the contra scam without the knowledge of the State Department, the Defense Department, the CIA, the Joint Chiefs of Staff, the White House chief of staff or anyone in authority except his boss, Poindexter, who did nothing to stop him.

FC.148B THE U.S. AND LATIN AMERICA a Monroe Doctrine (1823)  US feels entitled to sovereignty in W. Hemisphere Panama: 1903-18 Cuba: 1898-1902, 1917,1921-23; 1933 Domin. Rep: 1916-24 Haiti: 1915-34 Puerto Rico:1898 Nicaragua: 1912-33 Industrial expansion US corporations have vested interests in Lat. Am. Econ’s Long history of direct intervention by US before the Cold War: When progressive reformer, Jacobo Arbenz works for land reform in Guatemala, Amer. Fruit Co., which owns much of the country, convinces US govt. that he is Comm. CIA replaces him with a brutal dictatorship (1954) Panama: US-backed dictator, Noriega so badMC unrestUS removes him (1989) Nicaragua: Sandinistas overthrow US backed dict., Somoza (1979) CIA backed Contras try to overthrow Sand’s US $ gets Sand’s voted out (1987) Chile: CIA helps Gen. Pinochet overthrow popular reformer, Allende (1973) US sees them as Comm' s replaces them w/dictators backed by MC who fear Comm’s Mexico: 1846-48, 1914, 1916; Rising frustration w/status quo Encourages other reformers in Lat. Amer. Vicious cycle of Latin American instability (FC.108A) Cold War & fear of Comm. US suspects any reformers in Latin America as being Comm’s (FC.140) WWII SU too weak to extend its infl. into W. Hem. unless there is alreadyan est. Comm. State (FC.136) Castro overthrows brutal US-backed dictator, Batista, in 1959 US reacts vs Castro’s soc. leanings Castro declares Cuba is Comm. & gets Sov. aid Cuban Missile Crisis (1962) Soviet-backed Comm. dictatorship entrenched in W. Hem. (FC.143)

A collage of rulers the US has overthrown or threatened to overthrow

A collage of rulers the US has overthrown or threatened to overthrow

Presentation Transcript

Biodiversity of the Arctic threatened: Time to make a move

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Treason: The offense of acting to overthrow one’s government or to harm or kill it’s sovereign.

A threatened area

Social Effects of the Overthrow

Help Us Overthrow the Tall/Short Mafia

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A threatened area

Ambassador Lodge and the Overthrow of Diem

Threatened, Endangered, or Extinct?

The Rulers of Egypt

Overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom

The Rulers

The Rulers of Mesopotamia

The Rulers of Dubai

Rulers

Each of us has a public image

The Art of Collage

Has the US “lost” or “given away” our manufacturing?

The Overthrow of the Hawaiian Monarchy