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Essential Question. Why was the nation of Israel created?. Israeli-Palestinian Conflict. The Mandate. This conflict begins after WWI, when the Ottoman Empire lost control of the Middle East. The land was divided and European countries were given mandate, or control, of the region.
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Essential Question Why was the nation of Israel created?
The Mandate This conflict begins after WWI, when the Ottoman Empire lost control of the Middle East. The land was divided and European countries were given mandate, or control, of the region.
British Promise to the Jews: Balfour Declaration, 1917 His Majesty’s Government views with favor the establishmentinPalestine of a national home for the Jewish people and will use their best endeavors to facilitate the achievement of this object, it being clearly understood that nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine… Sir Arthur James BalfourBr. Foreign Secretary
“New” Countries & Ruling Families Emerge! • Prince Faisal “ruler” of Trans-Jordan. • Prince Abdullah “ruler” of a newly-created Iraq [pasted together from three distinctgeographic regions]. • The House of Saud put on the throne of thenewly-created Saudi Arabia. • The Pahlavi Family put on the throne of a new Iran. • Iraq (British control until 1932, gains its independence. 1968 Ba’ath Party takes control. (Saddam Hussein was a Ba’athist)
Oil Discovered in Mesopotamia! • First discovered on Masjid-I Suleiman in Persia (Iraq)in 1908. • Turkish-Petroleum Co. [TPC] founded in 1911 drill for oil in Mosul, Mesopotamia. • Britain signed a secret agreement with the sheikh of Kuwait who, while outwardly pledging allegiance to the Ottoman Sultan in Istanbul, promised exclusive oil rights to the British. • Kuwait became a British protectorate in November, 1914. • In 1927, oil was struck in Kirkuk, Iraq, and the Iraq Petroleum Co. [IPC] was created.
Oil Becomes the New International “Coin of the Realm!” • American oil companies [Texaco & Chevron], gainoil concessions in Bahrainin 1929. • In 1933, American oil companies win an oilconcession in Saudi Arabia. • ARAMCO [Arab-American Oil Co,] is created in 1939. • Occupation and exploitation of Arab resources begins to cause concern within the region
Rezah Khan (1877-1944) • an Iranian officer, seizedcontrol of the govt. in 1921. • declared himself SHAH in1925. • created the Pahlavi Dynasty. • ruled from 1925-1941. • initiated some modern reforms. • forced to abdicate his throne by the Allied armies in 1941.
Reforms in Iran • Secularization seizure of religious lands. • Adoption of the French civilcode. • Built the Trans-IranianRailroad. • Improved education.
The British in Palestine (1919-1947)
Essential Question: How did Britain’s actions in Palestine after 1918 lay the groundwork for the on-going conflict between the Jews and the Arabs in the Middle East today?
Jews & Arabs in Palestine,1920 • In 1920, there was 1 Jew toevery 10 Arabs inPalestine. • By 1947, the ratio was 2 Arabs forevery Jew. The Arabs felt that they were loosing control of their “country!”
Jewish Settlements: The Kibbutz System • First one founded in 1908. • Communal living. • “Make the DesertBloom!”
1929 Arab Riots IZBAH AL-YAHUD! [“Slaughter All the Jews!”]
Palestine Arab Revolt: 1936-1939 TheirGoals: • An end to Jewish immigration to Palestine. • An end to the transferof lands to Jewish owners. • A new “generalrepresentative government.” The Grand Mufti of Jerusalem, Haj Amin al-Hussani, with Adolf Hitler.
British White Paper of 1939 • Limited Jewish immigration toPalestine to 75,000 over the next five years. • It ended Jewish landpurchases. • Independence forPalestine within 10 years. • It is NOT British policythat Palestine become aJewish state.
Hitler’s“FinalSolution” The Jewish population in each country in 1942.
The Holocaust Jewish immigration to the Middle East was steadily growing because of Zionism. After WWII and the uncovering of the Holocaust, the Zionist movement gained more support to create a Jewish homeland.
The Partition In 1947, the United Nations announced a plan to divide Palestine into an Arab and Jewish state. Jews agreed, but Arabs vowed to do anything needed to prevent the U.N. plan from being carried out.
The State of Israel The Jews were outnumbered in Palestine, but their armies were much more advanced because of involvement in WWII. Despite the bloodshed, the State of Israel was created on May 14, 1948. David Ben-Gurion: leader of Zionism movement and first prime minister of Israel
Arab-Israeli War That night, a combined Arab force of Egyptians, Iraqis, Jordanians, Syrians, Lebanese, Saudi, and Yemeni troops attacked. The Arab-Israeli War or Israeli War for Independence lasted for 8 months, during which time the Jews not only defended their land, but expanded the territory to include most of the lands the Palestinians had been offered and rejected.
The Refugee Camps The land Palestine lost was divided among their Arab neighbors, leaving Palestine with nothing. This created over 780,000 refugees who were displaced. Many of them left Israel, but some had nowhere to go and ended up in refugee camps along Arab borders. The situation in camps like these is a breeding ground for terrorism.
Suez War Although Israel became a member of the United Nations, many Arab countries refused to recognize its existence. Skirmishes resulted, including the Suez War of 1956 between Israel and Egypt.
Six Day War The Six Day War of 1967 was a sweeping victory for the Israelis. They overran the enemies, gaining control of the Sinai Peninsula and the City of Jerusalem, which is sacred to both Muslims and Jews.
Munich Olympic Games - 1972 Terrorist attacks were intended to avenge the victory, including the 1972 murders of 11 Israeli athletes at the Munich Olympic Games.
Yom Kippur War - 1973 In 1973, Egypt and Syria carried out an attack on Israel during Yom Kippur, the holiest day in the Jewish calendar. This time, the Arabs were better prepared with weapons from the Soviet Union. The Israelis were able to hold off the Arabs, but the Yom Kippur War was an important step to the peace process.
Camp David Accords President Jimmy Carter became involved in the peace process by arranging a meeting between Anwar Sadat of Egypt and Menachem Begin of Israel. They signed a treaty agreeing that Israel would return the Sinai Peninsula to Egypt in exchange for recognition of Israel as a country.
The First Treaty Fails Despite the treaty, terrorism continued. Anwar Sadat was assassinated by Muslim extremists for agreeing to acknowledge Israel. Israel invaded Lebanon in 1982, in search of terrorists hiding out in the country.
Intifada – “Uprising” In the 1980’s Palestinians began the Intifada, or war of sticks and stones. Israeli soldiers did not know how to react to the Palestinian civilians without looking like bullies.
Death…A Part of Life? The 1990’s showed little improvement to the situation. Israeli extremists were responsible for the Hebron Massacre where 29 Palestinians were killed at a mosque. Another Jewish extremist, angered by peace efforts, assassinated Prime Minister Yitzak Rabin. Palestinian terrorism is also common. Suicide bombings by Palestinian groups attack both civilian and military targets.
