Wake Forest University

1. What Brain Imaging Tells us about Reading Acquisition and Intervention Guinevere Eden Center for the Study of Learning Georgetown University Wake Forest University Gallaudet University Supported by the NIH and NSF

2. Reading is a Cultural Invention First use of alphabet - 1800 B.C. Divination Characters on Oracle Bones Shang Dynasty 1400-1100 BC

3. Reading has to be Learned – in Different Ways Alphabetic Logographic Bolger et al. (2005)

4. Learning to Read Changes the Brain Petersson et al. (2007) Dehaene et al. (2010)

6. LDAH

8. Brain Imaging

9. Phrenology Franz Gall (1758-1828)

10. 10 Second Cortical Anatomy Touch Motor Vision Hearing

11. Parallel Visual Pathways Dorsal pathway (magnocellular): motion location mental rotation spatial relationships Where What Ventral pathway(parvocellular): form color object identification face identity

12. Left Hemisphere: Right Hemisphere: Word Form Area Face/Object Area

13. Face Processing Kanwisher et al, 1997

14. Gauthier et al., 1999

17. Left Hemisphere: Right Hemisphere: Word Form Area Face/Object Area

18. ● Reading Acquisition● Precocious Reading● Reading Disability

19. Learning to Read • Phases of reading acquisition (Ehri, 1992) • Pre-alphabetic- visual • Partial alphabetic- phonological cues • Full alphabetic- decoding • Consolidated Alphabetic- chunking, analogy • Phonological processing abilities are critical (Wagner and Torgesen, 1987)

20. Research Questions • What is the neural basis of visual word processing in healthy children? • How does the neural basis of word processing change during schooling? • What is the relationship between these neural systems and phonological skills?

21. Reading in Typical Children Simos et al., 2001 28 year old 8 year old MEG (MSI) 12 Children (8-15 years) 16 Adults (23-28 years) Real word recognition Increasing left inferior frontal gyrus Lateralization of infero-temporal cortex No change in left temporoparietal cortex

22. The neural basis of reading • Left inferior frontal gyrus • Left temporo-parietal cortex • Left infero-temporal cortex

23. The neural basis of reading • Left inferior frontal gyrus • Left temporo-parietal cortex • Left infero-temporal cortex Orthography Direct Lexical Access

24. The neural basis of reading • Left inferior frontal gyrus • Left temporo-parietal cortex • Left infero-temporal cortex Cross-modal integration Phonological assembly Semantics

25. The neural basis of reading • Left inferior frontal gyrus • Left temporo-parietal cortex • Left infero-temporal cortex Semantics Phonological assembly

26. Center for the Study of Learning, Georgetown University

28. - = Adapted from Price et al, 1996 Implicit Word Processing 41 normal subjects

29. Task PerformanceWords vs. False Fonts Accuracy Reaction Time R2= .00 n.s. R2= .03 n.s. 20 200 150 15 100 10 50 5 Reaction Time Difference (ms) Accuracy Difference (% correct) 0 0 -50 -5 -100 -10 -150 -15 -200 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 Age (Years) Age (Years)

30. Implicit Reading Activity 6- 9.4 y n=13 9.4- 18 y n=13 20- 23 y n=15 Turkeltaub et al. Nature Neuroscience, 2003

31. fMRI Reading Composite Developmental Changes in Activity p< .001, peak p< .0001

32. Samuel Orton1925 “In the process of early visual education… the storage of memory images of letters and words occurs in both hemispheres…. the process of learning to read entails the elision from the focus of attention of the confusing memory images of the nondominant hemisphere”

33. Phonology and Reading • Types of phonological processing (Wagner & Torgesen, 1987) • Phonological awareness (LAC) • Phonological naming (RAN) • Working memory (Digit Span) • Subtypes of dyslexia are associated with these types of phonology • Are these abilities associated with different aspects of reading?

34. 1998 2000

35. Identifying words accurately and fluently Constructing meaning once words are identified National Reading Panel, 2000: Five Component Skills Essential for reading Phonemic Awareness Phonics Fluency Vocabulary Comprehension strategies

36. “Show me /p/ /t/ /p/” “If this says ‘eth’, show me ‘ith’ Phonological Awareness Lindamood Auditory Conceptualization Test (LAC)

37. Phonological Naming Rapid Automatized Naming Test (RAN) s a o d o p a p d o s d a o a p s p d s o p s p d o s a o p a d o p s p a s d s p o s d s p o a o d

38. Working Memory Digit Span “3 8 2 4” “7 4 6 2 5” “9 2 3 6 1 8” “5 3 8 2 7 4 6” “2 5 4 3 2 8 9 4”

39. Correlations with Phonology Phonological Awareness Phonological Recoding Working Memory p< .005, peak p< .0005 Turkeltaub et al. Nature Neuroscience, 2003

40. Conclusions Young Readers Phonology Young readers activate left temporoparietal cortex, related to phonological awareness

41. Conclusions Young Readers Phonology Young readers activate temporoparietal cortex, related to phonological awareness Reading Acquisition Reading acquisition= Right posterior cortex (nonlinguistic visual) Left frontal & temporal (phonology, semantics)

42. Reading in Children Aged 6 to 9 Chinese and American Data provided by LH Tan Turkeltaub et al., 2003

43. The neural basis of precocious reading acquisition: fMRI case study of hyperlexic reading

45. Hyperlexia • Developmental disorder of communication (usually autism spectrum) • Extremely precocious reading learned very early without explicit instruction • Reading scores above expectation, with comprehension commensurate with verbal ability • Incidence ≈ 2 / 10,000 (Burd et al., 1985, Yeargin- Allsopp, 2003)

46. Ethan • 10-year-old boy • Disordered • expressive/receptive language (first word at 3.5y) • social interaction • motor coordination • Pervasive Developmental Disorder- Not Otherwise Specified • Early intense interest in text • Precocious reading

47. Age 5y-11m 9y-9m Word I.D. Age eq. 8y-10m 15y-1m Word Attack Age eq. 9y-4m 16y-11m GORT Passage Age eq. 10.3 14.9 GORT Comp. Age eq. <7.9 12.1 Ethan’s Reading Scores

48. Dyslexic vs. Hyperlexic Reading Words Dyslexic Hyperlexic 11.1 yr 7.0 yr therapeutic bouquet trivialities

49. Hyperlexia Hypotheses Left Hemisphere Phonological Advantage Welsh et al., 1987 Right Hemisphere Visual Advantage Cobrinik, 1982

50. Methods • Same fMRI methods as cross sectional study • Compared Ethan to two control groups • Age Matched (n=9) • Reading Matched (n=8)