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Lets’s refresh some concepts

Lets’s refresh some concepts. Alexia luli. Chemical elements with biological importance. There are 94 elements found in nature. Organisms are composed basically of 6 of them (99% of their tissues). CHNOPS. Carbon Hydrogen Nitrogen Oxygen Phosphorous Sulphur.

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Lets’s refresh some concepts

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  1. Lets’s refresh some concepts Alexia luli

  2. Chemicalelementswithbiologicalimportance • There are 94 elements found in nature. • Organisms are composed basically of 6 of them (99% of their tissues). CHNOPS Carbon Hydrogen Nitrogen Oxygen Phosphorous Sulphur

  3. Chemicalelementswithbiologicalimportance

  4. Organic Molecules These molecules are also called MACROMOLECULES They are usually polymers, long chains of similar subunits. The subunits are called monomers. Monomer + monomer + monomer + monomer… POLYMER

  5. There are 4 types of Organic Molecules • Carbohydrates • Lipids • Proteins • Nucleic acids REMEMBER All of them have Carbon present!!! Plus oxygen and hydrogen.

  6. Nutrients: chemical substance found in food that is used in te body.

  7. Proteins STRUCTURE Long chains of amino acids Amino Acids are the subunits of proteins. (MONOMERS) Amine Acid The different properties result from variations in the structures of different R groups There are 20 different types of amino acids found in proteins Essential amino acids must be acquired in the diet; nonessential amino acids can be synthesized by the body The structure of a protein determines its function

  8. Non essentialaminoacids can beproducedfromothers

  9. Protein deficiency Deficiency: When a person is not getting enough nutrients, leading to health problems Malnutrition: Imbalance in diet that leads to one or more diseases. (difference with deficiency is that sometimes malnutrition is caused by excess of a nutrient) Kwshiokordisease

  10. Phenylketonuria (PKU): a genetic disorder  the body can't process part of a protein called phenylalanine (Phe). Phe is in almost all foods. If the Phe level gets too high, it can damage the brain and cause severe mental retardation. PKU video

  11. Quick geneticsreview • Is the disease sex linked or automosmal? • What are the chances of a child to be born with PKU if both parents are carriers?

  12. Carbohydrates: Classification Polysaccharides Physical properties Composi tion Monosaccharides Disaccharides Diagra matic representation Glucose Galactose Fructose Maltose Lactose Sucrose Starch Glycogen Cellulose Main examples

  13. Lipids • Lipids are the main non-polar component of cells. Mostly hydrocarbons— C and H • They are used primarily as energy storage and cell membranes. • 4 main types: • fats (energy storage), • phospholipids (cell membranes), • waxes (waterproofing) • steroids (hormones).

  14. Lipids Triglycerids:  are the main type of fat. A triglyceride is composed of 3 fatty acids attached to a molecule of glycerol. Energy-storage molecules. a fatty acid is joined to each of the three Carbons of Glycerol by CONDENSATION Note Fats store about twice as much energy per weight as carbohydrates like starch.

  15. Lipids Fatty Acids: The lipid building blocks: Composed of a long hydrocarbon chain with an acid functional group functional at one end. Methyl group or Omega end The fatty acid chains are usually between 10 and 20 Carbon atoms long. The fatty "tail" is non-polar (Hydrophobic) while the Carboxyl "head" is a little polar (Hydrophillic).

  16. Lipids • A range of fatty acids are found combined in fatty acids. • The commonest fatty acids the body uses are 16 to 18 C long. • The fatty acids present in the diet can be divided intro 3 distinct groups: • Saturated • Monounsaturated • Polyunsaturated

  17. Lipids

  18. Omega... ?!

  19. Unsaturated fatty acids, can have cis- or trans- double bonds

  20. Summing up...

  21. Evaluating diets rich in fats... Transfats in California

  22. Class work: Study the food label you brought to class… Check the types of fatty acids present in it… then think and write down… How many types of fatty acids can you find? Is it healthy? Why?

  23. Vitamins and minerals Can these be called nutrients? Check your definition!!! Nutrientdensitycomparator

  24. B Vitamin like B12 Principal source: Milk products Funtion: Require for the formation and regeneration of red blood cells, for nutrient metabolism and growth, nerve fuction and calcium absorption. Its deficiency causes pernicious anemia, poor appetite, weight loss, tiredness, depression and lack of balance. http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072507470/student_view0/chapter25/animation__b_vitamins.html http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JwPVibQ6_3Y

  25. Fibre in Diet

  26. A2 Energy in human diets Damon et al, 2007

  27. Different sources of energy in different ethnic groups

  28. Diets rich in certain nutrients http://www.medmovie.com/mmdatabase/MediaPlayer.aspx?ClientID=65&TopicID=670 Diabetes II http://www.medmovie.com/mmdatabase/mediaplayer.aspx?Message=VG9waWNpZD01MzY7Q2xpZW50SUQ9NjU7VmVybmFjdWxhcklEPTE=-nFEbIz6gy6Q= Cardiovascular Disease http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MX_eKKYvrqU Excess Protein

  29. Body mas index Where would a person 100 kg and 2 meters tall fall? Is this always true?

  30. Apetite control system

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