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Atoms, Molecules and Macromolecules

Atoms, Molecules and Macromolecules. Building Complex Molecules That Comprise Living Things. Prof. Mary Colavito & Dr. John Shepanski. Comparison of Terms. C. 12. 6. Composition of an Atom. Nucleus Proton = positively charged particle (+)

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Atoms, Molecules and Macromolecules

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  1. Atoms, Molecules and Macromolecules Building Complex Molecules That Comprise Living Things Prof. Mary Colavito & Dr. John Shepanski

  2. Comparison of Terms

  3. C 12 6 Composition of an Atom • Nucleus Proton = positively charged particle (+) Neutron = uncharged particle (n or +) Number of protons + Number of neutrons = Atomic mass Number of protons = Atomic number • Electrons = negatively charged particles • Number of electrons = Number of protons Each electron circles the nucleus in an orbitrepresenting a specific energy level.

  4. Atomic Models ElectronShell Nucleus Hydrogen (H) Helium (He)

  5. Different Kinds of Atoms Innermostelectron shell Max 2e- 2e-2n2p+ 6e-6n 6p+ +4p+ Helium Carbon +4n± +4e- +2p+ +2n± +2e- 15e-16n 15p+ 8e-8n 8p+ 20e-20n 20p+ +7p+ +8n± +7e- +5p+ +4n± Max 8e- Oxygen Phosphorus Calcium +5e-

  6. http://www.sciencegeek.net/tables/lbltable.pdf

  7. Electron Energy Levels *In forming molecules, atoms combine to fill their outer (valence) energy levels. When 8 valence orbitals are filled, remaining, unused slots available in inner levels are filled before a new valence shell is added.

  8. Chemical Bonds

  9. ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ElectronCompletelyTransferred Sodium#electrons=11 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – Chlorine#electrons=17 Positivecharge Ionic Bonding in NaCl Sodium ion #electrons=10 Negativecharge Chlorine#electrons=18

  10. Cl- Cl- Cl- Cl- Cl- Cl- Cl- Cl- Cl- Cl- Cl- Cl- Cl- Cl- Cl- Cl- Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+ Cl- Cl- Cl- Cl- Cl- Cl- Cl- Cl- Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+ Cl- Cl- Cl- Cl- Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+ Cl- Cl- Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+ Cl- Cl- Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+ Ionic Bonding in NaCl • Ion: charged atom with unequal numbers of protons and electrons. • Ions of opposite charges attract. • Sodium ions nestle between chlorine ions. • Perfectly cubical crystals form.

  11. Covalent Bonding Oxygen Atom Oxygen Atom Oxygen Molecule (O2)

  12. In Water, Polar Covalent Bonds Join Oxygen and Hydrogen

  13. Hydrogen Bonds Join Water Molecules Water molecules are dipoles—the hydrogen side is more positive; the oxygen side is more negative Hydrogen bonds form between O of one water molecule and H of another + – O H + H – O H + HydrogenBonds + H +

  14. Due to hydrogen bonding, ionic and polar substances dissolve in water

  15. Organic Molecules Contain Carbon Each carbon atom can make four covalent bonds with other types of atoms or additional carbons.

  16. Macromolecules: Polymers Made of Repeating Monomers

  17. Synthesis and Breakdown of Macromolecules

  18. Dehydration Synthesis / Hydrolysis Dehydration Synthesis Hydrolysis

  19. Carbohydrates: Structure • Simple • Monosaccharides= one sugar unit Glucose = blood sugar All cells use glucose for energy

  20. CH2OH H HOCH2 O O H H H HO H OH H O HO CH2OH O H HOCH2 CH2OH HO H HO H + O H H H HO H HO CH2OH OH H HO OH HO H HO H Glucose + Fructose HO H Carbohydrates: Structure • Simple • Disaccharides = two sugar units • Examples: sucrose, lactose, maltose Sucrose & Water

  21. Carbohydrates: Structure • Complex • Polysaccharides= many sugar units • Starch -- storage in plants • Glycogen -- storage in animals • Cellulose -- plant cell walls, indigestible

  22. found in plant cellwalls energy storage in plants energy storage in animals Carbohydrates: Structure • Complex • Polysaccharides= many sugar units

  23. Carbohydrates: Functions • Energy source • Structural component • Cell-cell communication

  24. Lipids: Structure • Phospholipid—component of cell membranes PolarHead Glycerol Fatty Acid Tails Hydrophilic Hydrophobic

  25. Lipids: Structure • Types of Fatty Acids • Saturated – 2H per internal carbon • Unsaturated -- <2H per internal carbon one or more double bonds • Monounsaturated – one double bond • Polyunsaturated – more than one double bond

  26. Which Is a Source of Unsaturated Fatty Acids? Linseed Oil Beef Fat

  27. Lipids: Functions • Concentrated energy source • Structural components of cell membranes • Phospholipids • Cholesterol • Communication • Steroid Hormones • Metabolism • Fat-soluble vitamins • Insulation • Protection from water • Waxes Cholesterol Phospholipids

  28. Per 23 chromosomes Now estimated at 30,000 genes

  29. replication (before cell duplicates) transcription translation Information Flow From DNA Gene: sequence of DNA that codes for a protein DNA (ongoing parts of cell metabolism) RNA Protein

  30. DNA and RNA Structure Nucleotide = phosphate + sugar + nitrogen-containing base

  31. DNA Replication • DNA chains separate • Each chain is used as a pattern to produce a new chain • Each new DNA helix contains one “old” and one “new” chain

  32. Transcription = Production of RNA Using DNA as a Template • DNA chains separate • ONE DNA chain is used as a pattern to produce an RNA chain • RNA chain is released and the DNA chains reform the double-helix In DNA In RNAA U T A G C C G

  33. Transcription  Protein Synthesis • Messenger RNA Contains the code words for the sequence of amino acids in a specific protein CODON = group of three nucleotides acting as a code word for a protein amino acid • At sub-cellular structures called ribosomes, RNA code is used to guide the assembly of proteins

  34. Tertiary(Folding by R-group interactions) Primary(Sequence) Quaternary(Two or more chains associating) Secondary(Coiling by Hydrogen Bonding) Four Levels of Protein Structure

  35. Proteins: Structure • Primary structure = chain of amino acids • Amino acids have common features Carboxylic AcidGroup AminoGroup     R CentralCarbon The “R” GroupDiffers for Each Amino Acid

  36. Proteins: StructureForming the Protein Chain Phenylalanine Leucine Dehydration Synthesis between COOH & NH2

  37. Secondary structure governed by hydrogen bonds

  38. Tertiary structure governed by attraction/repulsion of R-groups

  39. Four Levels of Protein Structure • Quaternary Structure: Association of two or more protein chains eg. Hemoglobin is composed of 4 protein chains 2 are called alpha hemoglobin 2 are called beta hemoglobin

  40. CellMembrane

  41. The Cell

  42. Tissues & Organs Lung Tissue

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