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Middle Ages. The Middle Ages: 500 – 1500 The Medieval Period. Rise of the Middle Ages. Decline of the Roman Empire. Western Europe. Early Middle Ages 450 - 1050. Germanic Peoples. Roman empire overran by Germanic groups with repeated invasions and constant warfare
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The Middle Ages: 500 – 1500 The Medieval Period Rise of the Middle Ages Decline of the Roman Empire
Early Middle Ages 450 - 1050
Germanic Peoples • Roman empire overran by Germanic groups with repeated invasions and constant warfare • Breakdown of trade: money became scarce. • Cities abandoned – no longer center of economy or administration • Population became rural. • Decline of literacy – priests and other church officials were the few that were literate. • Breakup of unified empire – language began to change. No longer Latin. • End of Democracy
End of Democracy • Rome • Unified by loyalty to public government and written law • Orderly government • Germanic • Family ties and personal loyalty • People lived in small communities governed by unwritten rules and traditions • Ruled by a Chief who led a band or warriors loyal only to him – not some emperor they’d never seen
European Empire Evolves • After the decline of the Roman Empire small kingdoms sprang up all over Europe. • The largest and the strongest was controlled by the Franks • Lead by Clovis – first Christian king • Area that is now France • Greatest king was Charlemagne • most powerful king in Western Europe • encouraged learning
CharlemagneSeparated Muslim/Christian EuropeCoronated “Emperor of the Romans”Gov’t Regions managed by CountMissi dominici (lords messengers) kept eye on counts Education (modeled after Rome)New bible & Bishops created Libraries
Charlemagne’s SonsTreaty of Verdun- Split Kingdom into 3 parts for each son Charles, Louis, LothairWestern Kingdom= CharlesMiddle Kingdom=Lothair Eastern Kingdom=LouisInvadersMuslims (Mediterranean)Slavs (Central Europe)Magyars (Hungary)Vikings (North; Norsemen)Strong, determined, smart, cruel, skilled
Vikings Attack • Charlemagne's empire was broken up by his grandsons and was soon destroyed by invaders who would attack by sea, raid and plunder, then be quickly out to sea again. • Vikings – Germanic people called Norsemen • From Scandinavia • Worshipped warlike gods • Warriors, traders, farmers, and explorers
Power of the Church While the Roman Empire declined the Church remained • Missionaries succeeded in spreading Christianity • Adapted to rural conditions by building monasteries – religious communities • Rules established by Benedict • Became best educated communities • Shared belief bonded the people together • The church served as a stable force as well as social center
The Clergy Religious officials had different ranks within the church structure
Power of the Church • Provided a unifying set of spiritual beliefs and rituals • Created a system of justice to guide peoples conduct – Cannon Law – the law of the church • excommunication – banishment • interdict – the denial of sacraments - important religious ceremonies (baptism, last rights)
Feudalism Think of a chess set
The nobles were called vassals of the king. The vassals who fought for their king or for other nobles were called knights.
A serf was someone who farmed the land. Serfs had to pay rent and taxes to the nobles.
Feudalism Provide knights in times of war Fiefs – land grants Military protection Fiefs – land grants service protection Based on mutual obligation
FeudalismManors • The lords estate – • The lord provided the serfs with housing, farmland and protection • Serfs tended the lands, cared for the animals, maintained the estate
FeudalismManors • Peasants rarely traveled more than 25 miles from the manor • Was home to 15 – 30 families • Self-Sufficient community • Peasants heavily taxed, including a tithe – a church tax of 1/10 their income
High Middle Ages 1050 - 1300
A violent society • Noble’s constantly fought each other • Defend estates • Seize new territories • Increase wealth • Kept Europe fragmented • Glorification of warriors
The Age of Chivalry • The mounted Knights were the most important part of an Army • Professional solders – main obligation was to serve in battle • Rewarded with land • Devoted lives to war
The Age of Chivalry • Chivalry – a complex set of ideals, demanded that a knight fight bravely in defense of three masters • His feudal lord • His Heavenly Lord • His Lady • Meant to protect the weak and the poor • Be loyal, brave, and courteous
The Age of Chivalry • Sons of nobles began training at an early age for knighthood • Page – at 7 they were sent to another lord to be trained • Squire – at 14 they act as a servant to a knight • Knight- at 21 they become a knight and gain experience in local wars and tournaments
The Age of Chivalry Tournaments – mock battles that combined recreation and combat training Fierce and bloody competitions
Castles and Keeps • Stone castles were encircled by massive walls and guard towers • Home to lord and lady, their family, knights solders, and servants • A fortress of defense
Late Middle Ages • The Crusades • Pope Urban II • Motivated Christians to take back Jerusalem from Muslim control • The 8 Crusades • 1. Christians took control of Jerusalem • 2. Muslims took control of Jerusalem • 3. Richard the Lion Hearted (England) tried to take Egypt & Jerusalem but was defeated • 4. Pope Innocent sent Venetians to Constantinople but their behavior kept them from going any further. • Children’s Crusade: resulted in death and enslavement in Africa • 5. Fought to conquer Egypt: Christians lost • 6. No battles but diplomatic agreement gave Jerusalem to Christians • 7. Lead by Louis IX of France but he was captured and released for ransom • 8. Louis attacked Tunis in N. Africa, lost
The Magna Carta • Effects of Crusades • Developed cities • Trade, transportation routes • United W. Europe • Developed respect for the scholarly Moslems • Increase Kings power • Renaissance • King John of England • Ruthless, cruel, egotistical • June 12, 1215 Magna Carta (The Great Charter) was signed • No taxes collected unless by “common consent”: Lead to no taxation w/out representation • No freeman could be tried except by his peers: lead to our jury system • Limited government
High Middle Ages • By the end of the High Middle Ages • Western European nations gained much of the shape by which we know them today • They became more stable and began concentrating on establishing stronger political structures
The Black Death a.k.a. Bubonic Plague • 1347 • Spread by black rat fleas on ships coming from the Middle east to Italy • More died in cities because of proximity and lack of sanitation • Jews were blamed & killed because they drank from streams and not wells • By 1350 30% of population had died • Florence: 2/3 people died
Late Middle Ages 1300 - 1527
The Renaissance 1300-1600 • New ideas and interest • Arts, Science, education • Greek and Roman influenced • The Crusades • opened up new trade routes for goods and ideas to be exchanged • New sense of peace = free travel • Materialism more of a priority than spirituality • Cities grew • Manors no longer the center of life • Italian City States • Set a trend of people living in cities • Florence is the most prosperous city state well known during the Renaissance for its banking, trade and manufacturing. • The Medici family became Patrons for the arts • Art: • Patrons: People who sponsor artists • Humanity (everyday life & portraits for patrons) • Leonardo Davinci: The Mona Lisa, The Last Supper
4 major developments of the Late Middle Ages • The Hundred Years War • Fought between the French and English for the French throne • Massively destructive • Gun powder and heavy artillery
2) The Papal Schism • 3 popes • Loss of respectability due to political involvements • 3) The Fall of the Byzantine Empire • Turks begin assault on Western borders • 4) Famines • Climate became colder and rainier • Harvests shrank • Population doubled • Move back to towns
5) Black Death • The Bubonic Plague • killed ½ of European population