1 / 39

Dott. Davide Seripa Biologo Dirigente di Ricerca Laboratorio di Gerontologia-Geriatria

Farmacogenetica e farmacogenomica nell ’ anziano. Dott. Davide Seripa Biologo Dirigente di Ricerca Laboratorio di Gerontologia-Geriatria. ISTITUTO DI RICOVERO E CURA A CARATTERE SCIENTIFICO Ospedale “ Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza ” Opera di San Pio da Pietrelcina

mackenzie-gaines
Download Presentation

Dott. Davide Seripa Biologo Dirigente di Ricerca Laboratorio di Gerontologia-Geriatria

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Farmacogenetica e farmacogenomica nell’anziano Dott. Davide Seripa Biologo Dirigente di Ricerca Laboratorio di Gerontologia-Geriatria ISTITUTO DI RICOVERO E CURA A CARATTERE SCIENTIFICO Ospedale “Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza” Opera di San Pio da Pietrelcina San Giovanni Rotondo (FG) http://www.operapadrepio.it

  2. In VI century B.C. Pythagoras reported that the adverse reaction to the ingestion of fava beans was attributable to a inter-individual differences! Ad personam optimization of drug treatments

  3. (Meyer, Nature Rev Genet 2004;5:669-676) 1866: Mendel establishes rules of heredity. 1959: Vogel coins the term pharmacogenetics (how genetics may influence drug response). 1962: Kalow publishes the first monograph on pharmacogenetics. 1987: First nomenclature of Cytochrome P450 (CYP) gene superfamily. 1988: Gonzalez and Meyer collaborate to clone CYP2D6 and characterize the genetic defect of the debrisoquine/sparteine polymorphism. 1997: The term pharmacogenomics first appears in the literature. 2003: The human genome sequence was completed.

  4. Future prospects for pharmacogenetics in the quest of personalized medicine (Howland, J PsychosocNursMent Health Serv 2012;50:13-16) The potential role of genome and its mechanism of maintenance, interactions and modifications in pharmacogenetics and adverse drug reactions is immense… but immense is complexity than assessing the role of a SNP.

  5. Pharmacogenomics: challenges and opportunities (Roden, Ann Internal Med 2006;145:749-757) Small effect Pharmacogenomics We are here! Pharmacogenetics Large effect Small number of genes Great number of genes Single gene Whole genome

  6. Evolution of the Cytochrome P450 (CYP) gene superfamily La vita conquista l’ambiente terrestre Gli animali diventano erbivori, assumono tossine vegetali, e muoiono. Innesco della pressione selettiva Duplicazione dei 3 geni CYP ancestrali

  7. Evidence for the evolution of CYP gene superfamily by gene duplications CYP3A3 CYP3A4 CYP3A5 CYP3A5P1 CYP3A5P2 CYP2C8 CYP2C9 CYP2C18 CYP2C19 CYP2D6 CYP2D7P CYP2D8P Chromosome 7 Chromosome 10 Chromosome 22

  8. Variability of the CYP gene superfamily CYP3A4 20 allele families / 41 alleles CYP2D6 73 allele families / 120 alleles CYP2C9 34 allele families / 41 alleles. CYP2C19 26 allele families / 32 alleles.

  9. Nomenclature of the CYP gene superfamily Nomenclatura per gli alleli (isoenzimi) del Citocromo P450 (CYP) secondo il Comitato Internazionale per la Nomenclatura degli alleli del Citocromo 450 (*) CYP  Citocromo P450 (superfamiglia genica) 2  Questo numero identifica la famiglia del gene D  Questa lettera identifica la sottofamiglia del gene 6  Questo numero identifica il gene specifico (l’isoenzima proteico) *  Tutto quello dopo l’asterisco riguarda l’identificazione dell’allele 4  Questo numero identifica la famiglia allelica A  Questa lettera identifica l’allele specifico Maggiori famiglie geniche del CYP Famiglia CYP1: CYP1A1; CYP1A2; CYP1B1 Famiglia CYP2: CYP2A6; CYP2A13; CYP2B6; CYP2C8; CYP2C9; CYP2C19; CYP2D6; CYP2E1; CYP2F1; CYP2J2; CYP2R1; CYP2S1 Famiglia CYP3: CYP3A4; CYP3A5; CYP3A7; CYP3A43 Famiglia CYP4: CYP4A11; CYP4A22; CYP4B1 (*) HumanCytochrome P450 (CYP) Allele Nomenclature Committee (http://www.imm.ki.se/CYPalleles/)

  10. Substrates of the CYP gene system Is not a chance if most of drugs currently used in clinical practice are lipofilic compound derived from plant metabolites, and if about 80% of these drugs are metabolized by the CYP system.

  11. Associationbetween CYP2C9 geneticvariants and warfarin-relatedoutcomes 1.40 CYP2C9*2 (R144C) (Higashi, JAMA 2002) 2.39 CYP2C9*3 (I359L) (Higashi, JAMA 2002) 1.8 CYP2C9*2 (R144C) (Lindh, Clin Pharm Ther 2005) Severe bleeding 2.2 CYP2C9*3 (I359L) (Lindh, Clin Pharm Ther 2005) Risk of bleeding 2.57 CYP2C9*2 or *3 (R144C or I359L) (Margaglione, Thromb Haemost 2000) No bleeding CYP2C9 *1/*1 wild type 0 1 2 3 4

  12. Vitamin K Oxide Reductase Complex 1 (VKORC1) polymorphisms and warfarin dose(Rieder, NEJM 2005;352: 2285-93) A = low-dose haplotype group B = high-dose haplotype group

  13. A genome-wide associationstudyconfirms VKORC1, CYP2C9 and CYP4F2 as principalgeneticdeterminants of warfarin dose The first genome-wide association study (GWAS) on 1053 Swedish subjetcts (325.997 SNPs). The results were confirmed in 588 additional swedish patients (p < 0.0029) (Takeuchi, PLos Genet 2009;5:e1000433) CYP2C9 and VKORC1 genotypes explain about 30-40% of the total variation in the final warfarin dose

  14. The International WarfarinPharmageneticsConsortium Estimation of the warfarin dose with clinical and pharmacogenetic data (New Engl J Med 2009;361:753-764) Derivation cohort = 4043 subjects Validation cohort = 1009 subjects

  15. Warfaringenotypingreduceshospitalizationrates (Epstein, J Am CollCardiol 2010;55:2804-2812) ~ 900 patients with information on CYP2C9 and VKORC1 available to prescribing physicians versus historical control group 6 months after the initiation of warfarin therapy, hospitalizations for hemorrhage were 28% less common in the intervention than in control group

  16. Association of Cytochrome P4502C19 genotype with the antiplateleteffect and clinicalefficacy of Clopidogrel (Shuldiner, JAMA 2009;302:849-858) rs12777823 polymorphism CYP2C19*2 variant in 227 patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention treated for 1-year with clopidogrel p=0.02; HR=2.42,95%CI 1.18-4.99 p=0.02

  17. Reduced-function CYP2C19 genotype and risk of adverseoutcomes in patientstreated with clopidogrel (Mega, JAMA 2010;304:1821-1830) Meta-analysis of 9 studies evaluating 9685 patients (91.3% with PIC and 54.5% with acute coronary syndrome) Risk of CV, MI or stroke 1.55 CYP2C19*1/*2 1.76 CYP2C19*2/*2 Risk of stent thrombosis 2.67 CYP2C19*1/*2 3.97 CYP2C19*2/*2 0.2 1 2 3 4

  18. FDA Drug Safety Communication(Available at URL http://www.fda.gov/) February 2010 The FDA revised the label on Warfarin providing genotype-specific ranges of doses and suggesting that genotypes be taken into consideration when the drug is prescribed. The FDA added a boxed warning to prescribing information for clopidogrel: “persons with a CYP2C19 variant encoding a form of the enzyme associated with a low rate of metabolism might require dose adjustment or the use of a different drug”

  19. I FANS e l’emorragia gastroduodenale Reclutati (n = 78) Bleeding (n = 26) No bleeding (n = 52) CYP2C9 genotyping may identify subgroups of persons who potentially are at increased risk of gastroduodenal bleeding when treated with NSAIDs metabolized by CYP2C9.

  20. I FANS e l’emorragia gastroduodenale p < 0.001 OR = 15.8 (1.1 - 16.2) p = 0.034 OR = 4.2 (1.1 - 16.2) Reference

  21. Il donepezil nel trattamento dell’Alzheimer Lo SNP rs1080985 nel gene CYP2D6 può influenzare l’efficacia clinica del donepezil in pazienti con malattia di Alzheimer di grado lieve/moderato. L’analisi dei genotipi del CYP2D6 può essere utile per identificare sottogruppi di pazienti con differente risposta terapeutica. • Mantenimento o miglioramentodellostatocognitivo (valutatotramite ADAS-Cog e MMSE) • Miglioramentodellostatofunzionale (valutatotramite ADL o IADL)

  22. Le fenocopie Fenocopia Un fenotipochesomiglia ad un fenotipogenetico ma che ha cause ambientali. http://medicine.iupui.edu/clinpharm/ddis/table.asp

  23. Replication study confirm the role of CYP2D6 polymorphism rs1080985 on donepezil efficacy in Alzheimer’s disease patients (Albani, J Alzheimers Dis 2012;30:745-749) Multicenter, 415 AD patients, donepezil 10mg/day, 6 months follow-up Responders = 172; Non-responders = 243 ----- Multivariate analysis corrected for age, gender, MMSE at baseline, APOE-ε4 status. Results confirm the association between rs1080985 and response to donepezil after 6 months of treatment p < 0.05; OR 1.74, 95% CI 1.01-3.00

  24. Il donepezil nel trattamento dell’Alzheimer Da 552 pazienti arruolati nello studio sono stati selezionati 37 responders e 19 non-responders p = 0.005; OR = 6.286 (1.828 - 21.667). Potenza dell’analisi = 84.87%.

  25. Pharmacogenomic protocols in CNS disorders and dementia (Cacabelos, Neurodegenerative Dis 2010;7:167-169) About 25% of the 100 most prescribed drugs in USA and western countries are psychotropic drugs currently used in dementia. A trigenic cluster integrating CYP2D6+CYP2C19+CYP2C9 polymorphic variants yealds 82 different genetic profiles in wich only 26% are normal (EM). These data clearly indicate that the incorporation of pharmacogenomic protocols to dementia reserach and clinical trials can foster therapeutics optimization by helping to develop cost-effective pharmaceuticals and improve drug eccicacy and safety

  26. Pharmacogenetics of risperidone and haloperidol CYP2D6 genotype and plasma concentration of psychotropic drugs RISPERIDONE (Scordo, Psychopharmacology 1999;147:300-305) HALOPERIDOL (Bertilsson, Br J Clin Pharmacol 2002;53:111-122) p<0.01

  27. Defining the opportunity for pharmacogeneticintervention in primary care (Grice, Pharmacogenomics 2006;7:61-65) 607 patients in primary care (USA), 16 drugs cause ADRs 28.6% took > 1 of pharmacogenetic ADR-associated drugs Risk factors for ADRs: - Old age (p<0.001); Chronic disease (p<0.001); Number of drugs (p<0.001)

  28. L1 40 pazienti consecutivi in terapia antidolorifica post-operatoria Farmacogenetica dell’analgesia post-operatoria- protocolli terapeutici - Lieve L2 Dolore post-operatorio M1 Moderato M2 Grave G

  29. Farmacogenetica dell’analgesia post-operatoria- protocolli terapeutici, farmaci e citocromi -

  30. Farmacogenetica dell’analgesia post-operatoria- risposta terapeutica e fenotipo metabolico - EM versus IM: p = 0.015 – EM versus PM: p = 0.024 – IM vs PM: p < 0.001

  31. Farmacogenetica dell’analgesia post-operatoria- considerazioni - • La sovrapposizione di substrati suggerisce che, probabilmente, in questi protocolli terapeutici non si ottiene una piena azione dei diversi farmaci (come se venissero usati singolarmente!). • La concomitante presenza di un azione inibitoria dei substrati verso l’enzima suggerisce un ulteriore diminuzione dell’azione dei diversi farmaci. • Visto che i protocolli terapeutici differiscono solo per il dosaggio dei diversi farmaci, come è possibile valutare con accuratezza l’effetto terapeutico dei diversi protocolli? • Queste considerazione suggeriscono con forza: • L’impiego di un farmaco principale che non abbia una concomitante azione inibitoria per l’enzima; • L’impiego di farmaci secondari che non presentino una sovrapposizione dei substrati con il farmaco principale. • In questo caso si otterrebbe: • Una piena azione farmacologica; • La possibilità di identificare e studiare in maniera inequivocabile la risposta al trattamento terapeutico, incluse le reazioni avverse.

  32. Risk of suddendeath from cardiaccausesaccording to use of CYP3A4 inhibitors and antibiotics in 1476 cases (Ray, New England J Med 2004;351:1089-1096) CYP3A4 INHIBITORS (nitroimidazole antifungal agents, diltiazem, verapamil, troleandomycin) 1.79 Erythromycin 1.48 Amoxicillin 5.35 Erythromycin + CYP3A4 inhibitors 0.2 1 3 5 7

  33. Pharmacogenetics of acetaminophen I 1 2 ? ? II 1 2 ? CYP2D6*1/*XN Although CYP2D6 metabolizes paracetamol into NAPQI (N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine) to a lesser extent than other P450 enzymes, its activity may contribute to paracetamol toxicity in extensive and ultrarapid metabolizers.

  34. Public HealthGenomics Pharmacogenetics in Europe: Barriers and Opportunities EuropeanCommission Joint Research Center Challenges and measures in PGx development(Gurwitz, Public Health Genomics 2009; 12: 134-41)

  35. La farmacogenetica nella clinica geriatrica- prospettive future- CurrentDrugMetabolism 2011:12;621-634 Pharmacogenetics in Geriatric Medicine: Challenges and OpportunitiesforClinicalPractice Alberto Pilotto, Francesco Panza, and Davide Seripa In clinical practice several factors may explain the variable response to drug treatments, including functional and cognitive disabilities, malnutrition, organ-specific failures, concomitant diseases, and concomitant therapies. This may seriously limiting the pharmacogenetic approach to drug prescription. Geriatric patients need a multidimensional approach to optimize their clinical care including treatments. The introduction in clinical practice of pharmacogenetics may be useful to improve the “clinical decision making” in drug treatments. PHARMACOGENETICS AS A “DOMAIN” OF THE MULTIDIMENSIONAL ASSESSMENT

  36. Davide Seripa (dseripa@operapadrepio.it) Laboratorio di Gerontologia-Geriatria Sig.ra Carolina Gravina Sig.ra Maria Urbano Dott.ssa Giulia Paroni Dott.ssa Grazia D’Onofrio Dott. Alberto Pilotto U.O.C. di Geriatria Dott. Antonio Greco Laboratorio Analisi Cliniche Dott. Lazzaro Di Mauro Sig.ra Antonietta P. Gallo Rianimazione 1 Dott.ssa Paola Latina U.O.C. Neurologia Policlinico Universitario “A. Gemelli” Prof. Carlo Masullo Dott. Antonio Daniele Istituto di Gerontologia e Geriatria Università degli Studi di Perugia Prof.ssa Patrizia Mecocci

More Related