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Figure 1: Impact of Stress on Heart Disease Risk. Need . http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/hphr/winter-2009/winter09heart.html#riskchart. Knowledge Base. Literature Review. Figure 2: Active Ingredients and their method of action. Figure 3: Nrf2 presence in Am. g . rats (Li et al., in 2010)

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  1. Figure 1: Impact of Stress on Heart Disease Risk Need http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/hphr/winter-2009/winter09heart.html#riskchart Knowledge Base Literature Review Figure 2: Active Ingredients and their method of action • Figure 3: Nrf2 presence in Am. g. rats • (Li et al., in 2010) • Activity of the Nrf2 transcriptional factor was analyzed through ARE-luciferace reporter assay. • Suggests American ginseng suppresses oxidative damage and related cell death in cardiomyocytes in activating Nrf2 transcription and protein expression • Ghayur et al., in 2005 • Blood pressure of rats decreases under the inoculation of ginger aqueous crude extract (Zo·Cr) Red shows Nrf2 Ginger aqueous extract (Zo·Cr) Acetylcholine control • Figure 4: Blood Pressure of Panax ginseng rat • (Jiang et al., in 2007) • Rb1 released nitric oxide showed an antihypertrophic effect in rat right ventricle cell cultures Figure 5: Vaidya et al., 2009 used Daphnia magna as a model to study the effects of Curcumin on Heart rate Purpose The purpose of this experiment was to observe the effect of inducing cardiovascular stress through caffeine on the heart-rate of Daphniamagna simultaneously exposed to ginger, Chinese ginseng, or American ginseng extract. Hypothesis H(0): The null hypothesis states that American Ginseng (Panaxquinquefolius) will have no effect on stressed Daphnia magna heart rate. H(A): The alternate hypothesis states that American Ginseng (Panaxquinquefolius) will have a beneficial effect on stressed Daphnia magna. H(0): The null hypothesis states that Chinese Ginseng (Panax ginseng)will have no effect on stressed Daphnia magna heart rate. H(A): The alternate hypothesis states that Chinese Ginseng (Panax ginseng)will have a beneficial effect on stressed Daphnia magna. H(0): The null hypothesis states that Ginger (Zingiberofficinale) will have no effect on stressed Daphnia magna heart rate. H(A): The alternate hypothesis states that Ginger (Zingiberofficinale) will have a beneficial effect on stressed Daphnia magna.

  2. The Effects of Chinese medicine on cardiovascular stress of Daphnia magna Control N=50 Variables N=30 Control- Temperature Effect on Daphnia magna Heartrate N=20 American Ginseng (Panaxquinquefolius) and caffeine's effect on daphnia heartrate N=10 Ginger (Zingiberofficinale) and caffeine's effect on daphnia heartrate N=10 Control- Chinese Ginseng (Panax ginseng) N=10 Control- American Ginseng (Panaxquinquefolius) N=10 Control0 N=10 Daphnia magna from Carolina BiologicalN=80 20C N=5 22C N=5 24C N=5 26 N=5 ControlA Caffeine N=10 Chinese Ginseng (Panax ginseng) and caffeine's effect on daphnia heartrate N=10 Control- Ginger (Zingiberofficinale) N=10 Culturing of Daphnia magna in aquatic tanks Making ginger, American and Chinese ginseng extracts Statistical analysis using SPSS and ANOVA (p˂.05) Video recording of heart-rate using Sony DSC-T90 and compound light microscope (MOTIC BA210) Counting of heart-rate Graph 3: Comparison of Heart rates between Caffeinated and Uncaffeinated groups. The difference ranges from 317 to 354 beats/min. with a difference of 37 beats/min. and 234 and 408 beats/min. in the negative and positive control groups with a difference of 174 beats/min. Largest st.dev. Occurred in the caffeinated Am. g. group at 43 N=10 ° ° + + ^ ^ ^ °significant difference (p<.05) between control0 and controlA ^significance difference (p<.05) between the variable group and the negative control +significance difference (p<.05) between the variable group and the caffeine control N=10 Graph 1: Comparing the means of central tendency of the uncaffeinated groups. The heart rate ranges from 288 beats/min. in the negative control to 408 beats/min. in the Ginseng group. The largest standard deviation of 53 in the 22C Ginger group. * * * N=5 *significance difference (p<.05) between highest and lowest temperatures in each group N=10 Graph 2: Comparing the means of central tendency of the Caffeinated groups. The heart rate ranges from 234 beats/min. in the negative control to 445 beats/min. in the Ginseng group. The largest standard deviation was 42 beats/min. in the Ginger group. * * * * *significance difference (p<.05) between highest and lowest temperatures in each group Statistical analysis using ANOVA  followed by a Scheffe post-Hoc test at p<.05 revealed significant differences between each caffeinated group and their respective controls. The largest significant p-value was 6 x 10-5 between the two American Ginseng groups. The caffeinated Chinese and American Ginseng groups showed a significant decrease in average heart rate compared to the caffeine control, and the caffeinated Chinese Ginseng grouped even showed a significant decrease in heart rate with its uncaffeinated group.

  3. Discussion Daphnia magna under 40xmagnification Photos taken by authors Heart American Heart Association. "Congestive Heart Failure." American Heart Association. Web. 27 Jan. 2011. <http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=4585>.Avinash R. Vaidya1, Laura Gurenlian1, Lauren Brady1, Noelle Erin Romero1, and Rebecca Kohn1, Cardioactive effects of diphenhydramine and curcumin in Daphniamagna, Impulse: The Premier Journal for Undergraduate Publications in the Neurosciences 2009, vol 1,pg 1-12 Chang CH, Wang YM, Yang AH, Chiang SS. Rapidly progressive interstitial renal fibrosis associated with Chinese herbal medications. Am. J. Nephrol. 2001; 21: 441–8. Geng Jun, et al. Clinical observation on Xue Fu Zhu Yu Tang's treatment for coronary heart disease. Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Application of TCM. 1999;15(2):43-44. Ghayur, Muhammad Nageel; Gilani, Anwarul Hassan; Afridi, Maria B.; Houghton, Peter J. “Cardiovascular effects of ginger aqueous extract and its phenolic constituents are mediated through multiple pathways.” Vascular Pharmacology 43: 234-241. 2005. Heart, Download. "The Truth Behind Congestive Heart Failure | Heart Disease." Heart Information | Heart Diseases | Healthy Heart Tips & Guides. Web. 27 Jan. 2011. <http://www.downloadheart.us/the-truth-behind-congestive-heart-failure.html>. Junxian Wang, Zongliang Lu, Jiamin Chi, Wenhua Wang, Meizhe Su, Wenrong Kou, Pulin, Lijiang Yu, Li Chen, Jia-Shi Zhu, Joseph Chang Multicenter clinical trial of the serum lipid-lowering effects of a Monascuspurpureus (red yeast) rice preparation from traditional Chinese medicine, Current Therapeutic Research, Volume 58, Pages 964-978, December 1997 Joong-Ho Kwon, Jacqueline M. R. Bélanger, , , J. R. Jocelyn Paré and Varoujan A. Yaylayan, Application of the microwave-assisted process (MAP™) to the fast extraction of ginseng saponins, October 22 2003, Food Research International, vol 35, pgs 491-498 Kit, Wong Kiew. The Complete Book of Chinese Medicine: A Holistic Approach to Physical, Emotional and Mental Health. Brooklyn, NY: Cosmos Publishing, 2002. Li, Jinqing; Ichikawa, Tomonaga; Jin, Yu; Hofseth, Lorne J.; Nagarkatti, Prakash; Windust, Anthony; Cui, Taixing. “An essential role of Nrf2 in American ginseng-mediated anti-oxidative actions in cardiomyocytes.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology 130: 222-230. 2010. Schmeiser HH, Bieler CA, Wiessler M, Van Ypersele de Strihou C, Cosyns JP. Detection of DNA adducts formed by aristolochic acid in renal tissue from patients with Chinese herbs nephropathy. Cancer Res. 1996; 56: 2025–8. Solez K, Daugirdas J, Gregory MC et al. Is ‘Chinese herbs nephropathy’ a prejudicial term? [Comment]. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 2001; 38: 1141–2. Tanaka A, Nishida R, Maeda K, Sugawara A, Kuwahara T. Chinese herb nephropathy in Japan presents adult-onset Fanconi's syndrome: Could different components of aristolochic acids cause a different type of Chinese herb nephropathy? Clin. Nephrol. 2000; 53: 301–6. Tang, Gui Pi. "Abnormal Heart Beat." Chinese Medicine Cure. Web. 27 Jan. 2011. <http://chinesemedicinecure.com/node/713>. Vaidya, Avinash R.; Gurenlian, Laura; Brady, Lauren; Romero, Noelle Erin; and Kohn, Rebecca. “Cardioactive effects of diphenhydramine and curcumin in Daphnia magna.” The Premier Journal for Undergraduate Publications in the Neurosciences. Pp. 1-12.2009. Weidner, M. S. and Sigwart, K. “The safety of a ginger extract in the rat.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology73: 513-520. 2000. Williams, Tom. Complete Illustrated Guide to Chinese Medicine: Using Traditional Chinese Medicine for Harmony of Mind and Body. New York: Thorsons, 2003. "Graph 8 : Congestive Heart Failure." Home Of The Official New York State Hospital Report Card(sm). Web. 27 Jan. 2011. <http://www.myhealthfinder.com/newyork10/reg.php?table=08>. Yang CS, Lin CH, Chang SH, Hsu HC. Rapidly progressive fibrosing interstitial nephritis associated with Chinese herbal drugs [Comment]. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 2000; 35: 313–18. Daphnia magna under 250x magnification • The purpose of this experiment was to observe the effect of Chinese herbal medicine (Panaxquinquefolius, Panax ginseng, and, Zingiberofficinale) on the cardiovascular stress of Daphnia magna • The alternate hypothesis was supported in heart rate comparisons between each of the non-caffeinated variables and the negative control as well as between the caffeinated groups and the caffeine control with the exception of the caffeinated Chinese ginseng group • Results were comparable to Li et al., 2010, Ghayur et al., 2005, and Jiang et al., 2007. • Chinese Ginseng, American Ginseng, and Ginger extracts can decrease heart rate of Daphnia magna without exposure to caffeine stimulus • American Ginseng and Ginger extracts can decrease heart of Daphnia magna under cardiovascular stress through exposure to caffeine. • Limitation was the amount of extract produced during each extraction Future Studies • Using chemical compounds found in ginger and ginseng • Long term effects of extracts • Testing on higher mammals with cardiovascular systems relating more directly to humans Conclusion • All groups had a significant difference compared to their respective control, except caffeinated Chinese ginseng • All groups at 26C had a significant difference compared the same group at 20C • The caffeinated American Ginseng group had the largest significant difference compared to the caffeine control • Between its caffeinated and uncaffeinated group and the Chinese Ginseng group had the mostof a significant difference between groups. • Ginger and American Ginseng extracts significantly lower the heart rate of Daphnia magna under cardiovascular stressin both caffeinated and uncaffeinatedconditions, while Chinese Ginseng extract lower heart rate without caffeine induced stress. 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