Objects in static equilibrium don’t move.

1. Chapter 12: (Static) Equilibrium and Elasticity • Objects in static equilibrium don’t move. • Of special interest to civil and mechanical engineers and architects. • We’ll also learn about elastic (reversible) deformations (rubber). • Plastic deformations are irreversible (like play dough) Lecture notes by Dr. M. S. Kariapper KFUPM - PHYSICS

2. 12-2 Equilibrium • Equilibrium – • Static equilibrium – two requirements: (the constants are equal to zero) unstable stable Lecture notes by Dr. M. S. Kariapper KFUPM - PHYSICS

3. 12-3 Requirements of static equilibrium • The net force acting on the particle must be zero. • The net torque about any axis acting on the particle must be zero. • The angular and linear speeds must be zero. Lecture notes by Dr. M. S. Kariapper KFUPM - PHYSICS

4. 12-3 Requirements of static equilibrium Is this object in static equilibrium? A force couple is acting on an object. A force couple is a pair of forces of equal magnitude and opposite direction along parallel lines of action Lecture notes by Dr. M. S. Kariapper KFUPM - PHYSICS

5. It matters at which point the force is applied!! If equal and opposite forces are applied at different points  object is not in equilibrium, since there is a net torque. If equal and opposite forces are applied at the same point or along the same axis  object is in equilibrium Lecture notes by Dr. M. S. Kariapper KFUPM - PHYSICS

6. Requirements of static equilibrium (in x-y plane 2D) • The net force acting on the particle must be zero. • The net torque about any axis acting on the particle must be zero. • The angular and linear speeds must be zero. We restrict ourselves to forces in the x-y plane. Thus: Lecture notes by Dr. M. S. Kariapper KFUPM - PHYSICS

7. The figure gives six overhead views of a uinform rod on which two or more forces act perpendicular to the rod. If the magnitudes of the forces are adjusted properly (but kept nonzero), in which situations can the rod be in static equilibrium? Checkpoint 12-1 Lecture notes by Dr. M. S. Kariapper KFUPM - PHYSICS

8. 12-4 The Center of Gravity (cog) • Consider an extended object. • The gravitational force Fg always acts on the center of gravity! • The center of gravity (cog) is equal to the center of mass (com). Lecture notes by Dr. M. S. Kariapper KFUPM - PHYSICS

9. Balanced rock For this system to be in static equilibrium, the center of gravity must be directly over the support point. Why?? Lecture notes by Dr. M. S. Kariapper KFUPM - PHYSICS

10. Problem-solving hints: • Objects in static equilibrium • Draw a sketch of the problem • Select the object/system to which you will apply the laws of equilibrium. • Show and label all the external forces acting on the system/object. • Indicate where the forces are applied. • Establish a convenient coordinate system for forces. Then apply condition 1: Net force must equals zero. • Establish a convenient coordinate system for torque. Then apply condition 2: Net torque must equals zero. Lecture notes by Dr. M. S. Kariapper KFUPM - PHYSICS

11. 12-5 Some Examples of Static Equilibrium A uniform beam, of length L and mass m = 1.8 kg, is at rest with its ends on two scales. A uniform block, with mass M = 2.7 kg, is at rest on the beam, with its center a distance L/4 from the beam's left end. What do the scales read? o Sample Problem 12-1 Choose the rotation axis at the left end of the beam Lecture notes by Dr. M. S. Kariapper KFUPM - PHYSICS

12. Sample Problem 12-2 A ladder of length L = 12 m and mass m = 45 kg leans against a slick (frictionless) wall. Its upper end is at height h = 9.3 m above the pavement on which the lower end rests (the pavement is not frictionless). The ladder's center of mass is L/3 from the lower end. A firefighter of mass M = 72 kg climbs the ladder until her center of mass is L/2 from the lower end. What then are the magnitudes of the forces on the ladder from the wall and the pavement? substitute Choose the rotation axis at O Note that Fpx is the static friction from the pavement. It may not be equal to the maximum value of μsFpy. Lecture notes by Dr. M. S. Kariapper KFUPM - PHYSICS

13. Sample Problem 12-3 A safe, of mass M = 430 kg, is hanging by a rope from a boom with dimensions a = 1.9 m and b = 2.5 m. The boom consists of a hinged beam and a horizontal cable that connects the beam to a wall. The uniform beam has a mass m of 85 kg; the mass of the cable and rope are negligible. (a)  What is the tension in the cable? In other words, what is the magnitude of the force on the beam from the cable? Note that Tc is not equal to Tr . Take the rotation axis at O. Since Tr = Mg, we have : Lecture notes by Dr. M. S. Kariapper KFUPM - PHYSICS

14. Sample Problem 12-3 Note that the force does not point along the beam. (b)  Find the magnitude F of the net force on the beam from the hinge. Sample Problem 13-3 Lecture notes by Dr. M. S. Kariapper KFUPM - PHYSICS

15. 12-7 Elastic properties of solids Definitions of Stress and Strain. Stress: Force per unit cross sectional area. Strain: Measure of the degree of deformation. These two quantities are related by the following equation that defines the modulus of elasticity: stress = modulus x strain Lecture notes by Dr. M. S. Kariapper KFUPM - PHYSICS

16. 12-7 Elastic properties of solids • We will consider three types of deformations and define an elastic modulus for each. • Change in length. YOUNG’S MODULUS, E measures the resistance of a solid to a change in its length. • Shearing. SHEAR MODULUS, G measures the resistance to shearing. • Change in volume. BULK MODULUS, B measures the resistance to changes in volume. Lecture notes by Dr. M. S. Kariapper KFUPM - PHYSICS

17. Young’s modulus, E Tension or compression Note the force F is perpendicular to area A Young’s modulus, E: Lecture notes by Dr. M. S. Kariapper KFUPM - PHYSICS

18. Stress-strain curve Lecture notes by Dr. M. S. Kariapper KFUPM - PHYSICS

19. Shear modulus, G Shear modulus, G: Lecture notes by Dr. M. S. Kariapper KFUPM - PHYSICS Note that the force lies in the plane of the area

20. Bulk modulus, B Hydraulic compression or stress Bulk modulus, B: F/A=P is the fluid pressure! Lecture notes by Dr. M. S. Kariapper KFUPM - PHYSICS Note that the force acts all around the body

21. Sample Problem 12-5 A steel rod has a radius R of 9.5 mm and a length L of 81 cm. A 62 kN force stretches it along its length. What are the stress on the rod and the elongation and strain of the rod? The area of the end face is (Use E from table) Lecture notes by Dr. M. S. Kariapper KFUPM - PHYSICS