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1. CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM CONGENITAL HEART DISEASES Your Logo Lecture 3

2. Agenda DEFINITION ✓ SYMPTOMS 1 2 DIAGNOSIS ✓ This is an example text. Go ahead and replace it 3 4 CAUSES 5 CLASSIFICATION

3. DEFINITION OF CONGENITAL HEART DISEASES • Congenital heart defects are abnormalities in the heart's structure that are present at birth. • Approximately 8 out of every 1,000 newborns have congenital heart defects, ranging from mild to severe. • Congenital heart defects may produce symptoms at birth, during childhood, or not until adulthood.  Other congenital defects may cause no symptoms.

4. Agenda DEFINITION SYMPTOMS ✓ 1 2 DIAGNOSIS ✓ This is an example text. Go ahead and replace it 3 4 CAUSES 5 CLASSIFICATION

5. SYMPTOMS OF CHD General signs of congenital heart disease can include: excessive sweating extreme fatigue poor feeding rapid heartbeat rapid breathing shortness of the breath chest pain cyanosis In more severe cases, these problems may develop shortly after birth. However, symptoms sometimes don't develop until the teenage years or early adulthood.

6. Agenda DEFINITION SYMPTOMS 1 2 DIAGNOSIS ✓ ✓ This is an example text. Go ahead and replace it 3 4 CAUSES 5 CLASSIFICATION

7. DIAGNOSIS OF CHD • In most cases, congenital heart disease is diagnosed during pregnancy. However, a diagnosis may sometimes only be confirmed after the birth. • Congenital heart disease is often first detected when the doctor hears an abnormal heart sound or heart murmur when listening to the heart. • Depending on the type of murmur the doctor hears, he or she may order further testing such as: • Echocardiogram • Cardiac catheterization • Chest X-ray • Electrocardiogram (ECG )

8. Agenda DEFINITION SYMPTOMS 1 2 DIAGNOSIS ✓ This is an example text. Go ahead and replace it 3 4 CAUSES ✓ 5 CLASSIFICATION

9. CAUSES OF CHD Genetic factor : Genetic and chromosomal abnormalities such as Down Syndrome. Environmental factor (external factor) Other related factors: Mothers who are diabetic, alcoholics or drug addictive. Maternal viral infections: such as (German measles) in the first trimester of Pregnancy.

10. Agenda DEFINITION SYMPTOMS 1 2 DIAGNOSIS ✓ This is an example text. Go ahead and replace it 3 4 CAUSES 5 CLASSIFICATION ✓

11. CLASSIFICATION OF CHD Cyanotic CHD Non-Cyanotic CHD Atrial septal defects (ASD) Ventricular septal defects (VSD) Patent ductusarteriosus (PDA) 1 tTetralogy of Fallot 1 2 3

12. Atrial septal defects (ASD) • ASD is an opening in the atrial septum permitting free communication of blood between the atria. Seen in 10% of all CHD. • This opening usually closes around the time when the baby is born.

13. If the opening does not close, the hole is called an ASD and blood continues to flow between the two heart chambers. This is called a shunt. • Pressure in the lungs may build up. Over time, there will be less oxygen in the blood that goes to the body. • Small atrialseptal defects often cause very few problems and may be discovered much later in life. Many problems can occur if the opening is large, or there is more than one opening • Symptoms • Frequent respiratory infections in children. • Sensation of feeling the heart beat (palpitation) in adults • Shortness of breath with activity

14. Ventricular septal defects (VSD) • A ventricular septal defect (VSD), is an opening in the heart between the heart's lower chambers (ventricles), allowing oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood to mix. • Baby with a small ventricular septal defect may have no problems. A baby with a larger ventricular septal defect or associated heart defects may have a bluish tint to the skin (cyanosis) — due to oxygen-poor blood — often most visible in the lips and fingernails. • Ventricular septal defects are sometimes not diagnosed until adulthood.

15. Many small ventricular septal defects often close on their own or don't cause problems. • Larger ventricularseptal defects need surgical repair early in life to prevent complications. • Symptoms • Cyanosis. • Poor eating • Fast breathing or breathlessness • Easy tiring • Swelling of legs, feet or abdomen • Rapid heart rate

16. Patent ductusarteriosus (PDA) • Patent ductusarteriosus (PDA) is a heart problem that affects some babies soon after birth. In PDA, abnormal blood flow occurs between two of the major arteries connected to the heart. These arteries are the aorta and the pulmonary artery. • Before birth, these arteries are connected by a blood vessel called the ductusarteriosus. This blood vessel is a vital part of fetal blood circulation.Within minutes or up to a few days after birth, the ductusarteriosus closes. This change is normal in newborns.

17. In some babies, however, the ductusarteriosus remains open (patent). The opening allows oxygen-rich blood from the aorta to mix with oxygen-poor blood from the pulmonary artery. This can strain the heart and increase blood pressure in the lung arteries.

18. Tetralogy of Fallot This malformation consists of a true anatomopathologic type represented by the following tetralogy: Stenosis of the pulmonary artery. Interventricular communication. Deviation of the origin of the aorta to the right Hypertrophyof the right ventricle.

20. Tetralogy of Fallot • Tetralogy of Fallot spells most commonly start around 4 to 6 months of age and are charcterized by: • Sudden onset or deepening of cyanosis. • Sudden onset of dyspnea. • Alterations of consciousness. • Decrease in intensity of systolic beats.

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