Cannon & Explosives Introduction 1 of 3 Links to History from around the World

1. Cannon & Explosives Introduction 1 of 3 Links to History from around the World 1.3 Cannon & Explosives Introduction 2.8 Gun and Cannon Design C14th to C19th 3.7 Early Training Ships & Royal Navy Schools 4.13 Manufacturing Bronze & Iron Techniques from both North and South Wales, Iron Bridge Telford and Carron Iron Works Stirlingshire, Scotland 5.17 Old and New World Wars, Countries and States still using old horse-power, early samples of new technologies being used for the first time like: Photography, Telegraph, Newspaper and Medical treatments and Ambulances 6.4 Land and Naval Cannon, Fortifications of Forts, many finds Worldwide in Europe and America 7.10 La Belle the Restoration and Preservation, Ship Wrecks Navigation and Time calibration using Noonday Guns 8.18 Gun & Cannon used in the American Civil War 9.9 Safe Manufacture and Testing of Explosives for Industry. Personal Safety, it is illegal to manufacture explosives without a license 10.10 Additional Information, Web Links, Adverts & Downloads Over 400 thumbnail images, 104 pages fully interactive Visual Index 1.1 eHistory GB Series PDF Educational Pages Published by MumfordBooks-Guides.com http://www.mumfordbooks.co.uk/cat.asp?CatID=34 and http://www.landscape-guides.co.uk

2. 10th to 14th Century Early Cannon 1 of 8 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_cannon http://www.mumfordbooks.co.uk Hand Cannon and grenade from the 10th Century Dunhuang. This is the earliest depiction of an explosive fire in China. Right, C14th Casting of Cannon, Bombarda Mortar.

3. 15th Century Cannon Worldwide 3 of 8 Illustrations from European and Chinese manuscripts http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_cannonhttp://www.mumfordbooks.co.uk

4. C16th Naval and Land Forts using composite Iron, Steel Cannon and Bronze Muzzle-loading Lantaka 6 of 8

5. After HMS Mary Rose, a long tradition of Skills Training for Royal Navy schools, like HMS Conway, a Navy Merchant Ship, and over 300 years of shore bases, still active today 1 of 7 • This is one of the bronze guns from the Mary Rose. It sits on a wooden carriage and four solid wooden wheels. • These guns could fire an iron cannon ball over a mile, but were only accurate at much closer range. • The bronze guns from the Mary Rose are some of the earliest made in England.

6. C18th European Battle Ships with state-of-the-art Precision Engineering using the best timber, bronze and iron, built in France, Holland and Britain 7 of 7

7. 18th-20th century Gun Foundry melting, mould and machining worldwide 2 of 13 Royal Brass Foundry at Woolwich, England Tredegar Iron Works Richmond, Virginia Cyfarthfa Ironworks Merttyr Tydfil 1825

8. 17th-19th Century Waterpower Machinery 5 of 13

9. 19th-20th Century Factories started to Employ large numbers of workers to build the Steam Engines 8 of 13

10. James Sharples(1825-1892): Ironworker and Artist began painting ‘The Forge’ 9 of 13 in 1844. However, it took three years to complete, because he was still working long hours at the foundry. ‘The Forge’ depicts, in Sharples’ own words, “the interior of a large workshop such as I have been accustomed to work in”. The painting shows a group of workers directing a large iron shaft into the blazing furnace, which is attended by a smithy, whilst other operations are being carried out in the distance. The details of the painting, such as the unlit interior, the heat of the furnace, the hard manual labour required and the soiled appearance of the workers, mean that ‘The Forge’ can be seen as a shockingly matter-of-fact depiction of life within a foundry. James Sharples did not achieve long-lasting glory or the financial support of wealthy patrons. But he proved that ordinary people can pursue their dreams despite many obstacles, and he celebrated the difficult lives of the working class people .

11. High Precision Cannon Engineering 12 of 13

12. Eastward Ho! To the Crimean By Henry Nelson O’Neil Museum of Docklands Roger Fenton Photographs Taken by Marcus Sparling Over 200 sepia prints 1854-6 1 of 17

13. The Crimean War 1854-6 Balaklava Harbour & Base Camp 2 of 17 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Fenton

14. The Railway and Mud Roads at Balaklava 3 of 17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Fenton

15. Crimean Soldier, Officer, General, Chaplin for the Living & Dead 5 of 17

16. Crimean “Lords”- Officer, local camel sport and specialist soldiers 6 of 17

17. After each Day and Night follows Life or Death 13 of 17

18. Damaged and Wounded Soldiers returning Home to their Families 17 of 17

19. New Scientific Inventions help to give newspapers the power to describe the Horrors of War Soon after the publication of this news article, two more Assistant Army Postmasters, Mr Sissons and Henry Mellersh, plus seven sorters were despatched from London. They arrived in Constantinople on 5 February 1855. Mr Mellersh was to play a significant part in the establishment of a dedicated Army Postal Service, First International Money Order Service (1854) In response to demands made by Florence Nightingale, a method of transmitting money was devised to allow troops to transfer monies back to their families at home in the United Kingdom. This was designed to prevent drunkenness and became the world's first International Money Order Service. In its first month of operation, £7,000 was remitted by the British troops. Within 6 years the American Civil War would develop all the latest inventions: Photography, Telegraph & Morse Code, War Reporters Newspaper Correspondents, Hydrogen Balloons for checking troop movements. The War Postal Service would help to keep soldiers, both Union and Confederate in touch with their families. These were most useful as both sides had taken 1000’s of prisoners. Field and Hospital care was very important, horse drawn Ambulances were also used.

20. Forts like Belan near Caernarfon were designed and built all over Britain and around the world, specially designed to guard shipping-ports in Europe and came to prominence in the American Civil War 2 of 4 Fort Belan, Caernarfon GB Star Fort Dover, Kent GB 106 Forts protecting the American Southern States alone, all built with large earth embankments. The American Civil War is covered in “The USS Alabama visual eHistory” eBooks Educational Series : Thumbnail Classical Images

21. C17th to 19th New World Trading. Iron axe heads were important trade items to the Indians, as they had no technology for metallurgy 3 of 10 Thousands of glass trade beads were found on board the ship, more than 575,000 of them in one wooden box alone. Small brass bells—often termed “hawk bells”—were popular trade items. These bells were sewn on native clothing.

22. 7x3= 21 Gun Salutes The custom stems from naval tradition, where a warship would fire 7 cannons harmlessly out to sea, to show that it was disarmed, signifying the lack of hostile intent. X3 for all land Salutes 10 of 10 Military saluting stations are London, Edinburgh Castle in Scotland, Cardiff and Hillsborough Castle in County Down, Northern Ireland. In London, salutes are fired in Hyde Park and at the Tower of London. On State Visits, at the State Opening of Parliament and for The Queen's Birthday Parade, Green Park is used instead of Hyde Park. The salute is fired by The King's Troop, Royal Horse Artillery. The first round is fired at noon (11.00 am on The Queen's official birthday). At the Tower of London, the salute is fired by the Honourable Artillery Company at 1.00 pm. Gun salutes occur on the following Royal anniversaries: 6 February (Accession Day) 21 April (The Queen's birthday) 2 June (Coronation Day) 10 June (The Duke of Edinburgh's birthday) The Queen's official birthday (a Saturday in June) 14 November (The Prince of Wales's birthday) The State Opening of Parliament (usually November or December).Gun salutes also occur when Parliament is prorogued by the Sovereign, on Royal births and when a visiting Head of State meets the Sovereign in London, Windsor or Edinburgh.

23. Gun and Cannon in the American Civil War 1 of 18 1807 Slavery was Banned in GB 1861-1865 USA Civil War

24. USS Essex Ironclad, CSS Freeborn and Monitor 3 of 18

25. A New Breed of Battle Ships 1861-65, from the Mississippi Confederate States and Union Navy Ironclad Ferry Boats, Torpedoes and Submarines USS Stonewall, HMVS Cerberius, based on the Ironclads 8 of 18

26. Crimean Fire power is used in the American Civil War 12 of 18

27. 89 Letters with 7 illustrated: Bryn y fedwen, to Richard D. Jones, Beaver Dam, Wisconsin, 1860 Mar. 8 John Jones, Llanrug, 19th. cent. Identifier : NLW MS 22421D, ff. 1 – 3 14 of 18 http://discover.llgc.org.uk/default.ashx?c_over=1&q=ref%3A+fmc00006 A collection of 89 letters from the American Civil War 1860-64, sent from John Jones, Llanrug, near Caernarfon who emigrated to America. His Welsh family settled near Beaver Dam, Wisconsin, John joined Regiment, Wisconsin Volunteers in 1860

28. Discover a real life of courage and adventure through the eyes, ears and minds of adventurous men and women, in our PDF interactive easy downloadable eBooks, the key access to many off-the-shelf books 17 of 18 The sinking of the Alabama one of the First Great Battle Ships in Maritime History instant free sample downloads from www.mumfordbooks.co.uk and www.landscape-guides.co.uk

29. The Battleship’s transition from wood to steel, sail to steam-driven screw propellers, from fixed cannon to rotating turret 18 of 18 Our last ship the Ironclad HUÁSCAR of Perú & Chile , Built in 1864-66 at Laird's in Birkenhead, England, sister ship to the Alabama

30. Making of Gunpowder into a Fine Paste 1 of 9

31. CHARCOAL and SALTPETRE Soon after the writing of the "Liber Ignum" and the "history“ of black powder ca. 1300, we hear from Roger Bacon in his book "Opus Tertium" 1275, that black powder was used for fire crackers at first. For this purpose, there certainly was enough saltpetre to be scratched off from cellar walls. 7 of 9 No doubt, charcoal is the most influential ingredient for a good black powder. But saltpetre is the key ingredient. Without the discovery of saltpetre, black powder wouldn't exist.The first time, black powder is mentioned is in the book of Marcus Graecus (Mark the Greek) titled: "Liber Ignum ad Comburendum Hostes" (Book of Fire for Burning Enemies). There are known six copies of this book, all written in Latin. The oldest, in the library of the Vatican in Rome, is from ca.1300; the most recent is from 1481. It contains 34 recipes for inextinguishable fires, self-igniting fires and rocket propellants, as well as two black powder recipes. If printed today, the text would fill about six pages. A good translation is given by J.R. Partington's "A History of Greek Fire and Gunpowder" (1960), p 42 -90. A Saltpetre brush (effloresce ca. 5 cm) on a cellar wall of an old mill. Outside the house there once was a dung pit of a former horse stable.There are many of these effloresce in this cellar. I harvested about 0.2 kg of saltpetre there. The next dispute among many black powder historians is about the quality of early saltpetre. Many doubt the effectiveness of ancient fire arms since they believe the first saltpetre was very crude and the chemists too dumb to purify it. Some state it was calcium nitrate and not potassium nitrate. So I took some brushes of the saltpetre efflorescence shown here and made an analysis without prior purification.

32. Combustible Dust Explosions from materials like wood, plastics, coal, sugar, paper, soap, dried blood, flour, feed, certain textiles, plastics, durable goods, rubber and most metals (such as aluminium, zinc, chromium, and magnesium), in a chemical fusion 9 of 9 "D" Class Fire : combustible metals e.g.  sodium , phosphorus , magnesium. (all used in crackers , matchsticks). http://safety108.blogspot.co.uk/2011_09_01_archive.html

33. Rock Cannon these holes were on average 125 mm in depth and between 25 mm and 32 mm in diameter. 1 of 10 Dolbadarn Castle Rock Cannon 235 such sites have been located with 6,157 firing holes to them. 53-hole rock cannon at Betws-y-coed

34. C19th A Political Change in Naval Power from Sail 10 of 10 Steam, Iron, Steel, Postal, Telegraph, Medical Treatment, Photography & Newspapers • 1.3 Cannon & Explosives Introduction • 2.8 Gun and Cannon Design C14th to C19th • 3.7 Early Training Ships & Royal Navy Schools • 4.13 Manufacturing Bronze & Iron Techniques from both North and South Wales, Iron Bridge Telford and Carron Iron Works Stirlingshire, Scotland • 5.17 Old and New World Wars, Countries and States still using old horse-power, early samples of new technologies being used for the first time like: Photography, Telegraph, Newspaper and Medical treatments and Ambulances • 6.4 Land and Naval Cannon,Fortifications of Forts, many finds Worldwide in Europe and America • 7.10 La Belle the Restoration and Preservation, Ship Wrecks Navigation and Time calibration using Noonday Guns • 8.18 Gun & Cannon used in the American Civil War • 9.9 Safe Manufacture and Testing of Explosives for Industry. Personal Safety, it is illegal to manufacture explosives without a license • 10.10 Additional Information, Web Links, Adverts & Downloads • Over 400 thumbnail images, 104 pages fully interactive • Visual Index 1.1 eHistory GB Series PDF Educational Pages • Published by MumfordBooks-Guides.com http://www.mumfordbooks.co.uk/cat.asp?CatID=34 1 to 10 Parts on one CD, over 400 classic thumbnail images for this 1st edition has 104 full pages. CD £8 each or easy Downloads save from £2.59 to £5 and big files £10, payment using PayPal or Google Wallet, safe banking.