Late Middle Ages

1. Late Middle Ages Britain, France, Spain and Russia

2. I. Britain • Norman Conquest (1066 A.D.) • 1066 A.D.- Anglo-Saxon king Edward dies – brother in law Harold chosen to rule • Duke William of Normandy challenged throne – supported by Pope • C:\Documents and Settings\workstation\My Documents\The_Norman_Conquest_of_England.asf • Battle of Hastings – William vs. Harold – William won and became king as William the Conqueror (King William I)

3. Primary Source: Norman Conquest

4. I. Britain • William the Conqueror (William I) (r. 1066-1087 A.D.) • Feudal lord with vassals – vassals had to pledge first loyalty to him – granted fiefs but kept most land for himself • Compiled the Domesday Book, a census of the land, for tax collection

5. Primary Source: Domesday Book

6. I. Britain • King Henry II (r. 1154-1189 A.D.) • Created a royal exchequer to collect taxes • Sent out traveling justices to enforce laws – called Common law because it was the same for all people • Early jury system- men sworn to tell the truth determined what cases should be brought to trial

7. I. Britain • King John (r. 1199-1216 A.D.) • Clashes with church - interdict of England by Pope Innocent III– England a fief to Rome • Magna Carter (Great Charter) – 1215 A.D. – confirmed feudal rights – gave nobles rights (later given to common people) and established monarchs must obey the law • Formation of Parliament – began as a council for advice – soon became a two house Model Parliament of nobles and middle class

8. Primary Source: Magna Carta

9. II. France • The Capetians • Hugh Capet- elected to rule in 987 A.D. • Hugh and successors strengthened royal power and added to their lands • Effective bureaucracy of tax collectors and officials who imposed royal law – keeping order gave Capetians the support of the middle class

10. II. France • Philip Augustus (Philip II) (r. 1179-1223 A.D.) • Used paid officials in government jobs rather than nobles to ensure loyalty • Created new cities by charter • Organized standing army • Began a national tax • Gained former English territory such as Normandy and land in southern France

11. II. France • Louis IX (r. 1226-1270 A.D.) • Used officials who checked on local administrators • Outlawed private wars - ended serfdom in his lands • France became a centralized monarchy

12. II. France • Philip IV (r. 1285-1314) • Taxed French clergy and angered the Pope • When Pope died, a Frenchman became Pope and was moved to Avignon so rulers could control religion • Set up the Estates-General in 1302 A.D. • Representative body • Contained members of the clergy, nobles, and townspeople • Sometimes the King would consult

13. II. France • 100 Years War (1337-1453 A.D.) • Wars between France and England • English rulers wanted to keep old French lands - French kings wanted French lands • Both sides took advantage of the use of the crossbow – England had the longbow – France also began to use the cannon

14. Primary Source: English Longbow

15. II. France • Joan of Arc, age 17 in the year 1429 A.D., said God gave her the duty to save France • Led the army against the English • Brought about several French victories • Taken captive by English and burned at the stake as a witch • English defeated by the French

16. Primary Source: Joan of Arc

17. III. Spain • Reconquista • Christian kingdoms North wanted Muslims out to “reconquer” the land – largely successful • Isabella and Ferdinand • Completed the reconquista in 1492 A.D. • Wanted religious and political unity • No religious toleration of Muslims or Jews • Inquisition to try heresy

18. Primary Source: Reconquista

19. Primary Source: Spanish Inquisition

20. IV. Russia • Princes of Moscow in power after Mongols • Ivan the Great (r.1462-1505 A.D.) • Absolute rule – adopted Byzantine customs – took on the name czar (tsar), Russian for Caesar • Limited boyars, or nobles, power • Ivan the Terrible (r. 1547-1584 A.D.) • Introduced serfdom – granted land to nobles for military/other service • Oprichniki- “terror” agents who imposed laws