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Thomas Jefferson’s Presidency. 1800-1812. Thomas Jefferson. Dual personality: Privately: Philosophical Publicly: Practical . How could President Adams Lose?. Hated Alien & Sedition Acts Split Federalist party over the peace with France
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Thomas Jefferson’s Presidency 1800-1812
Thomas Jefferson • Dual personality: • Privately: Philosophical • Publicly: Practical
How could President Adams Lose? • Hated Alien & Sedition Acts • Split Federalist party over the peace with France • Unpopular taxes to pay for war preparations & new navy • What to do? Spread RUMORS • Sally Hemings • Atheist
“Revolution of 1800” • First peaceful shift between the parties • Jefferson also thought he would restore the republic: • Reduce federal government powers • Increase state rights
The Midnight Judges • Adams & Congress wanted Federalist ideals upheld: • Judiciary Act of 1801 created 16 new federal judicial offices • Filled these lifetime posts with Federalists • Repealed by the new Democratic-Republican Congress • One of the Federalist judges sues
Marbury v. Madison It’s your time to prove what you know. Go for it!
Marbury v. Madison • “Judicial Review” • Establishes that the Supreme Court has final say on the question of constitutionality
Inaugural Address • Equality for majority & minorities • “We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists.” • Kept Federalist appointees • Democratic-Republicans had weak organization and under-developed • “No foreign alliances”
First Acts as President • Pardon Sedition Act offenders • Return naturalization requirements to five years. • Persuaded Congress to repeal the excise tax • Revenue? Balance the budget and don’t run a national debt • Reduced the military • Did not repeal ALL federalist initiatives: • Sets precedent that a change of regime should not destroy past regime’s work.
The Barbary Wars • Trading ships must pay Barbary states for protection • $10 million had been paid out • Tripoli declares war on the US in 1801 • 4 years of naval fighting for peace
Louisiana Purchase • In 1800 Spain cedes New Orleans and Spanish American lands to France. • Spain revokes deposit guarantees • Jefferson sends James Monroe to join Minister Livingston in France • Buy New Orleans and land to the east for $10 million • Napoleon decides to sell ALL of the land • April 30, 1803 for $15 million
European Entanglements • 1803 - France and England at war • Soon England ruled the seas and France ruled the land – forced to fight indirectly. • England required all foreign traders to first stop at a British port. • France began to seize any ships that entered British ports • Britain began to impress Americans into service • 6,000 from 1808-1811 • Britain fired on the Chesapeake for refusing to cooperate
America takes a Stand • The Embargo Act of 1807 • “Peaceful Coercion” - Forbade the export of all goods from the US • Repealed by Congress in 1809, replaced with the Non-Intercourse Act – trade except with England and France. • What went wrong? • Underestimated determination of the British • Overestimated dependence on US goods • Miscalculated how hated the embargo would be domestically • Too difficult to control - smugglers
Jefferson’s Presidency: In Review • Peaceful change of Power • Louisiana Purchase • Cut National Debt • Failed Embargo Act
James Madison’s Headaches • Macon’s Bill No. 2 • US opens trade to all nations • If commercial restrictions lifted by England OR France, US would reinstate embargo against opposing state. NAPOLEON ACCEPTS. • Young “war hawks” • War with England • War with Indians
Issues on the Frontier • Shawnee Indian brothers unite Indians: • Tecumseh • Tenskatawa “the Prophet” • Rejected European culture • Wore buckskins, no alcohol, no ownership • Agreed not to cede land unless all Indians agreed • William Henry Harrison engages Shawnees – Battle of Tippecanoe • Unravels the alliance