Islam

1. Islam

2. Read Pages 252-255 • Do a 1 page paper. Write on these 2 topics: • Foundations of Islam. How Islam was founded • On how Muhammad changed the world

3. Byzantine Empire * Persian Empire • An Arabian dynasty An Arabian dynasty *

4. What was the culture and geography of Arabia around AD 600? In the AD 600s the Arabian Peninsula was sparsely occupied by Arabs. Some were monotheistic Christians or Jews, but most were polytheistic. The Arabs were divided into often-quarreling tribes. They had never been able to overcome this tribalism and join together. They valued their particular tribe, honor, reputation, image, many sons, and beautiful women.

5. Birthplace of Muhammad Mecca, in western Arabia, attracted caravans because of their trade it was the home of the idols of many tribes. These idols were kept in a building called the Kaaba. When the Muhammad was meditating it was revealed that he should be a prophet. He took up the mantle and tried to convert others to worship the one true god. He tried to get those in Mecca to believe, but they rejected him. He fled to Medina.

6. Forced to flee Mecca This journey is considered so significant that Muslims, (as followers of Muhammad’s revelations are called), made Muhammad's plight to Medina year one of the Islamic calendar. This migration is known as the Hijra, and Muslims label dates after this event AH = Anno Higira, “The year of the Hijra”. (Note that you cannot simply subtract 622 from the Western calendar to find the date because the Arabs used a lunar year [12 months of 30 or 29 days], which ends up being 354 or 355 days long).

7. Islam, 610-632 • 571 Muhammad born in Mecca. • 610 First revelation in the Harraa cave (27 Ramadan). • 622 “Hijra”or Escape. Muhammad and followers escape prosecution • and go to Almadinah (Yathrib). • Year 1 in the Islamic calendar • ‘Missionaries’ sent all over Arabia • building peaceful coalition • 629 Muhammad conquers Mecca • destroys idols in Alqaaba. • single-handedly, brings peace to war-torn Arabia • 632 Muhammad dies in Almadinah. Unmarked grave (his will)

8. Muhammad • SEAL of the Prophets (last in a line of 28Prophets who all preached the religion of Islam) • Born in 570 CE • Each succeeding Prophet added or improved upon the cumulative message of Islam • Through Muhammand , the message of Islam was completed and is preserved intact in the Quran • In 622 CE, hijrah (migration) where Muhammad moved from Mecca to Madinah (marks the beginning of the Muslim calendar) • Islam spread to Arabia, Spain and as far East as China

9. Abraham Ismail Adnan Quraiysh Qussaiy Abdmanaf Abdshams Hashem (Amneh+) Abdallah Abutalib Hamzeh Alabbas Abulahab Alhareth Adbelmuttalib Muhammad Ali Ummayah Dynasty Abbbassides Dynasty (661-750) (750-1258)

10. Islam by the death of Mohammed 632

11. Islam at 644, the year Omar died

12. 732, 100 Yrs after Mohammed

13. The 'Five Pillars' of Islam • The framework for Muslim life. Essential practices • 1. The declaration of faith: • "There is no deity but God, and Muhammad is the messenger of God" • 2. Prayer: • Five obligatory prayers each day. • A direct link between the worshiper and God. • No hierarchical authority or priesthood • 3. Zakat: • Obligatory charitable giving. • Wealth belong to God and it is held in trust by humans. • Zakat, or, "purification" by setting aside a portion (2.5%) for the needy • 4. Fasting: • From sunrise to sunset during the holy month of Ramadan • 5. Pilgrimage: • A pilgrimage (Hajj) to Mecca, Arabia. Only those who can

15. Kaaba- cube shaped building that was built by Abraham to honor God Viewed as Adam’s original place of worship Was filled with idols as people in Arabia followed polytheism Muhammad- received revelations that led to Islam and monotheism (and removal of idols) Site of hajj- pilgrimage to Mecca Kaaba

21. How did Islam conflict with Christians, Jews, and pagans? Since Islam is built on the foundation of the Bible and the events described therein, Muhammad was disappointed that the Christians and Jews of the peninsula did not recognize his corrections and completion of the Bible and become Muslims. Nonetheless, he recognized them as “people of the Book” (i.e., the Bible) and treated them more tolerantly than other conquered peoples.

22. Treated Like lost Brothers While others were usually forced to convert to Islam, Christians and Jews were allowed to keep their religious beliefs, as long as they paid a heavy tax for the privilege, plus they had to pay property taxes that Muslims were exempt from.

23. Quiz On Islam • What does Islam mean? • How did Muhammad become the prophet? • What was the shrine of Abraham turned into? • Name all 5 pillars of Islam?

24. Packet • Hand out 8 page packet on Islam

25. Mosque • Muslim place of worship Muslims come together in a mosque for prayers at midday on Friday (Muslim Holy Day) • MINARET= high tower or dome from which a muezzin calls the faithful to prayer • WUDU= cleansing process before prayer (water) • IMAM= chief officer in the mosque who leads prayers

26. Islam Terms • Islam: an Arabic word that means “submitting to God” and “peace” • Muslim: a person who follows the teachings of Islam and “submits to God and finds peace in Him”. All creation is Muslim. • Allah: Arabic name for God. It is preferred over other names because it has no gender affiliation and does not have plurality

27. Muhammad’s Death Just two years after Muhammad and his followers conquered Mecca, Muhammad died, in 632. He left behind no sons, but a daughter, Fatima.

28. After the death of Muhammad At Muhammad’s death, the big question was who would succeed Muhammad? This became a long-lasting source of controversy. The first four caliphs were related to Muhammad by marriage (e.g., his father-in-law). The fourth caliph, Ali, was the husband of Muhammad’s daughter Fatima.

29. 2 Types of Muslims Then a civil war split Muslims into two groups. One group, the Shi’a (or Shiites), held that only the Prophet’s descendants should lead the Muslims. That would mean Ali’s son Husayn. Those favoring the most qualified leader at any time became Sunni Muslims. Today, these form the two major groups of Muslims. When Husayn was murdered, he became a martyr to the Shi’a, and is honored to this day. Today about 85% of the world’s Muslims are Sunni, while about 14% follow the Shiite path.

30. What other major political developments took place as Islamic Civilization rose? A number of other Islamic groups came into being, such as the Sufimystics. This was a group that tries to turn their whole will towards God. That is the whole goal to completely devote their lives to God.

31. Spread of Islam through conquest Between 632 (the death of Muhammad) and 750, Muslims conquered lands from India to the Atlantic Ocean.

32. Some of the Conquered regions After quickly conquering the Arabian Peninsula, the Muslims attacked outward. To the East they conquered the Sassanian Empire of Persia and Mesopotamia. Continuing further, Muslims conquered the northern portion of India. Today’s Islamic Pakistan and Bangladesh are a heritage of this conquest.

33. Muslims push into Spain From Africa opposite Gibraltar, the Arabs crossed over into the Iberian Peninsula, where Visigoth kings ruled over a Christian populace. The Arabs conquered Iberia (Spain) and entered France. There they were stopped in 732, when Western knights halted the Arab advance at the Battle of Tours.

34. Empire by 750 In summary, by 750 the emerging Islamic Civilization ruled from the Pyrenees to India. *

35. IV. How did early Islam Expand Slowly the conquered populations were converted to Islam, except for Jews and many of the Christians of the Iberian Peninsula. (Spain)

36. Major events That Change Islam During the next 700 years, several major events relating to the new civilization occurred: There are 5 main events: 1. Arabs lost exclusive control of Islamic governments while new non-Arab converts rose to power.

37. Major Events that Changed Islam 2. The single government across the civilization broke into several governments and new power centers arose. 3. Western nobles attacked Islamic power in Palestine after 1095, with bad results for both sides (the Crusades).

38. Major Events That Changed Islam 4. Western nobles began slowly to reclaim Spain, resulting, by 1492, in the total expulsion of Islamic rulers and the creation of two Western countries, Spain and Portugal. 5. An Islamic upstart power, the Turkish Ottomans, built an empire centered in Asia Minor by taking land from the Byzantine Empire (the former Eastern Roman Empire), capturing the Byzantines’ capital, Constantinople, in 1453.

39. Umayyad The first Islamic dynasty, the Umayyad Caliphate, ruled from 661 to749. A new dynasty, the Abassid Caliphate, ruled from 749. In the 900s the Abassid Caliphate lost some areas to other Islamic leaders, marking the end of one government for the entire civilization and the end of exclusively Arabic leadership. But cultural and religious unity still existed.

40. Islam under the Umayyad • the Umayyads transformed the caliphate from a religious institution to a dynastic one. • During the period of the Umayyads, Arabic became the administrative language. State documents and currency were issued in the language. The Umayyads also constructed famous buildings such as the Dome of the Rock at Jerusalem, and the Umayyad Mosque at Damascus.

44. Abassids • They built their capital in Baghdad after overthrowing the Umayyad caliphate. They came from one of the youngest uncles of Muhammad, because of which they considered themselves the true successor of Muhammad as opposed to the Umayyads. • Abbasidsappealed to non-Arab Muslims, known as mawali, who remained outside the kinship-based society of the Arabs and were perceived as a lower class within the Umayyad empire.

45. Abassid • During this period the Muslim world became an intellectual center for science, philosophy, medicine and education as the Abbasids championed the cause of knowledge and established the House of Wisdom in Baghdad; where both Muslim and non-Muslim scholars sought to translate and gather all the world's knowledge into Arabic

46. What other major political developments took place as Islamic Civilization rose? Asian Turkish nomads, including the Seljuk Turks, moved into Islamic controlled areas in the 11th century (1000s), looking for pastoral land and wealth, and converted to Islam and joined Islamic Civilization.

47. Mongols Between 1220 and 1258 Mongol invaders conquered Iran, Iraq, and Anatolia. But many eventually converted to Islam.

48. Ottoman Empire One group of Turks, the Ottomans, began a rise to power in the 1300s that would result in dominating the Islamic world and end when they chose to take part in World War One on the losing side.

49. Tamurlane (Timur) Tamurlane, a Mongolian prince converted to Islam, built an empire from 1370 until his death in1405. It ranged from India to Asia minor, but like the Empires of Charlemagne and Alexander the Great, did not outlive him. His method of conquering was so brutal (he killed uncounted thousands unnecessarily) that he essentially destroyed Muslim wealth and culture in a wide area.

50. Movie on Timur • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7KqR0aZ1N_w&feature=relmfu • Start at 1:35