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[The Stuart Period 1603 - 1714]. King James Bible First Fountain Pen 3 Piece suit and necktie – Charles II Coffee Houses & Tea! Newspapers Microscope Diving Bell Steam Engine Newton, Bacon, Shakespeare…. What the Stuarts did for us…. END OF THE TUDORS.
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King James Bible First Fountain Pen 3 Piece suit and necktie – Charles II Coffee Houses & Tea! Newspapers Microscope Diving Bell Steam Engine Newton, Bacon, Shakespeare…. What the Stuarts did for us….
END OF THE TUDORS The death of Elizabeth I in 1603 signalled the end of the Tudor Dynasty – no heirs! Crown passes to her closest relative, James VI of Scotland, a member of the House of Stuart. When crowned becomes known as James I
JAMES I 1566 – 1625 • Mother was Mary Queen of Scots • The first to call himself “King of Great Britain” though it was not approved by the House of Commons. Will reign for 22 years. • Obsessed with witchcraft! Personally supervised the torture of women accused of being witches. • Writes the book “DAEMONOLOGIE” how to deal with witches. Inspires Shakespeare’s ‘Macbeth’
James I • 1605 Guy Fawkes & the Gun Powder Plot. “Remember the 5th of November…” • 1606 joins English and Scottish flags to create the Union Flag • Authorizes a new translation of the Bible – King James Bible. Has a major influence on English literature, language and thought for centuries to come • “THE DIVINE RIGHT OF KINGS”
CHARLES I 1600 - 1649 • Son of James I • Made several mistakes: • Charles I believed that he had no need of Parliamentary approval and no need to compromise or even explain his actions and that he was answerable only to God, famously stating: • "Kings are not bound to give an account of their actions but to God alone“ • Marries a Catholic wife! Henrietta Maria! • (He wasn’t even there for the ceremony, had a friend stand in as proxy!)
TAXES! (Without consent from Parliament!) • Wanted to help fund the protestants in Europe fighting in the 30 YEAR WAR • Parliament won’t give it, so he dissolves Parliament in 1629! • Revives many feudal taxes without the consent of Parliament. Such as: • Forest tax, Distraint of Knighthood and the Ship Money Tax • Ship Money was to be paid by coastal residents only in times of war – to help fund navy. Charles makes this tax paid even in times of peace. Will eventually stretch inland as well! • THE BISHOP’s WARS!!! Prayer books forced in Scotland
The Long Parliament • The Bishop’s Wars were disastrous and costly, bankrupting Charles. Pay Scotland £850 daily! • Charles reassembles Parliament in 1640 “The Long Parliament” the sole purpose of which was to pass finance bills • In August 1641, the Long Parliament enacted legislation depriving Charles I of the powers that he had assumed since his accession. • The reforms were designed to negate the possibility of Charles ruling absolutely again. • Ship money, fines in destraint of knighthood and forced loans were declared unlawful • August 1642 Nottingham – Who’s side are you on?
THE ENGLISH CIVIL WAR! Roundheads vs Cavaliers! 3 Wars which rejected divine right monarchy in favour of parliamentary rule.
The Execution of Charles I 1649 • The first monarch to be publically tried and executed - Whitehall • Oliver Cromwell pushes for charge of High Treason and subsequent execution – Charles did not recognize the court’s authority to question him. • Wore 2 shirts so that if he shivered , wouldn’t be mistaken for being afraid. • Executioners wore masks so they wouldn’t be recognized • Cult of the MARTYR KING begins • Cromwell allows head to be “sewn” back on so family could pay respects. "I shall go from a corruptible to an incorruptible Crown”
OLIVER CROMWELL (Not a Stuart!)“Lord Protector” 1599 - 1658 • How can a man be loved by so many, but hated by so many at the same time? • A commander of the New Model Army • After the execution of King Charles I in 1649, Cromwell dominated the short-lived Commonwealth of England, conquered Ireland and Scotland, ruling as Lord Protector from 1653 until his death in 1658. • “MallachtChromail Ort” 1649 invasion of Ireland • VERY STRICT PURITAN! He bans Christmas, theatre, gambling, sports, drinking, anything fun really!
“In the name of God go!” TROUBLE IN PARLIAMENT • The“Rump Parliament” formed during the trial of Charles is dissolved in1653 for not being “godly enough” • Forms a new parliament based upon one’s religious credentials “The Barebones Parliament” 1653. It too is dissolved. • Cromwell is offered the Crown, but refuses it. Why? • Cromwell made Lord Protector for life 1653 • Dies 1658 – posthumous execution! Hung in chains, decapitated!
CHARLES II 1630 - 1685 • Son of Charles I • A political crisis that followed the death of Cromwell in 1658 resulted in restoration of the monarchy, and Charles was invited to return to Britain. • On 29 May 1660, his 30th birthday, he was received in London to public acclaim. • Charles was popularly known as theMerrie Monarch • Theatres reopened after having been closed during the protectorship of Oliver Cromwell. "Restoration comedy" became a recognisable genre. • Theatre licenses granted by Charles were the first in England to permit women to play female roles on stage
“In 1665 hardly anyone in London was left alive. In 1666 London burned like rotten sticks” • The diary of SAMUEL PEPYS chronicles two disastrous events during the reign of Charles II • The Great Plague of London 1665 – 100,000 dead • The Great Fire of London. 1666. Much of London destroyed. St Paul’s Cathedral is built shortly after the fire
COOL STUFF! • Charles’ wife was the first person to drink ‘tea’ in England 1662 • Bananas were available for the first time 1663 • Forks are introduced to English families! • Charles was presented the first pineapple grown in England 1675
Charles dies in 1685 and leaves no heirs behind, but several (12) illegitimate children! The throne passes to his brother James II and his wife Mary He converts to Catholicism! And produces a Catholic heir! William of Orange (Netherlands) is asked to get James II out of England – ‘Glorious Revolution’ When William dies – James’ youngest daughter Anne takes over. The last of the Stuarts. GLORIOUS REVOLUTION
QUEEN ANNE 1665 - 1714 • Last of the Stuarts • 1707 Acts of Union – England and Scotland become one realm called Great Britain • War of Spanish Succession begins 1701 • She had 19 children! 13 were stillborn 6 survived birth. • Of the 6, 3 died within hours of birth • 2 later died of smallpox • The last, a boy, died at age 11 from pneumonia. • The Tragedy of Queen Anne!
