Multiple Intelligences

1. Multiple Intelligences

2. The 3 Domains of Intelligence Ron Riggio, Ph.D. Kravis Leadership Institute Claremont McKenna College Verbal Intelligence Social Intelligence Emotional Intelligence

3. There are individual differences in people’s abilities to communicate nonverbally • Some people are better at expressing emotions (either spontaneously, or posing them) • Some people are better at “decoding” emotions and feelings • Skill in nonverbal communication is the core of “emotional intelligence”

4. Nonverbal Communication is Important to Emotional Intelligence • Nonverbal Communication is broad and includes: • Facial expressions • Gestures • Body movement • Posture • Tone of Voice • Rhythm and Rate of Speech • Eye contact/Gaze • Gait • Touch • Olfaction • Grooming & Mode of Dress

5. Nonverbal Communication • Eye contact • Make sure to look at everyone while you are speaking. • Eye contact helps the audience to listen more effectively. • It makes each member of the audience feel special. • It helps you to read your listeners’ nonverbal messages to you.

6. Nonverbal Communication • Body Actions • They help to work off nervous energy. • They help to emphasize a point. • Have natural movement. • You can monitor the effectiveness of your message by watching the body language of your audience.

7. Nonverbal Communication • Gestures • Facial expressions and hand gestures add life to a presentation. • Gestures let your audience know the importance of the topic and how you feel about it. • Try not to overdo the same gestures, as this can be distracting.

8. Nonverbal Communication • Tone • Tone is the quality and manner of expression. • It should be upbeat and friendly and yet concerned. • Use a tone that exudes authority. • Vary the tone of your voice.

9. Verbal Delivery • Pitch • Pitch is the variety of high and low sounds in your voice. • Try to vary your pitch, depending on what point you are trying to make. • Try not to raise the pitch at the end of sentences.

10. Verbal Delivery • Rate • Rate is the speed of what you say. • Try to talk about 100 words per minute. • Pause during main ideas to create time for your listeners to process the information and to organize your thoughts.

11. Verbal Delivery • Force • Force is the loudness or softness of the words that you say. • Speak to be heard, but not too loudly. • Adjust the level of your voice in case of barriers (noises) and to emphasize key concepts.

12. Verbal Delivery • Articulation • Articulation is the act of vocal expression, utterance or enunciation. • Speak clearly and distinctively. • Pronounce words correctly.

13. Emotional Intelligence • Identifying Emotions - Ability to identify, or “read” the emotional messages of others. • Using Emotions to Facilitate Thinking - Emotions help us to inform our decisions by considering the consequences for ourselves and others. • Understanding Emotions - Involves knowledge about emotions and emotional processes, including understanding our own emotions. • Managing Emotions - Ability to regulate and control our own emotions and the emotions of others.

14. How Emotional Intelligence Impacts Leadership • Goleman and McClelland claim that emotional intelligence leads to improved (20% better) managerial performance • Mayer finds that emotionally intelligent workers have better customer service ratings. • Riggio, Murphy, and associates suggest that social intelligence is more important than emotional intelligence for most leaders

15. Social Intelligence • Understanding social situations • Understanding and managing people • Knowledge of social rules and conventions • Ability to act wisely and tactfully in social situations • Social intelligence is learned through experience with different people in a variety of social situations

16. How Social Intelligence Impacts Leadership • Verbal skills (although correlated with IQ) are important for successful leaders • Sternberg finds that job-specific tacit knowledge is important for performance of leaders and professionals • Hogan & Hogan emphasize the importance of both social and political skills for leaders (sociopolitical intelligence) • Offermann emphasizes leaders’ cultural intelligence • Impression management skills are also critical components of successful leadership

17. Nonverbal/Emotional Skills Emotional Expressivity Emotional Sensitivity Emotional Control Connections to Emotional Intelligence Verbal/Social Skills Social Expressivity Social Sensitivity Social Control Connections to Social Intelligence An Emotional and Social Skill Approach to Multiple Intelligences

18. Nonverbal/Emotional Skills • Emotional Expressivity is skill in sending (encoding) nonverbal and emotional messages. Persons high in EE are spontaneously expressive, animated, and often referred to as “charismatic.” • Emotional Sensitivity is skill in receiving (decoding) emotional and nonverbal messages. Persons high in ES are emotionally empathic, observant, and responsive to others’ feelings, but may be susceptible to “emotional contagion.” • Emotional Control is skill in regulating and controlling the expression of emotional messages. Persons high in EC seem emotionally “distant,” but are able to mask felt emotional states with a different emotional expression

19. Verbal/Social Skills • Social Expressivity is verbal speaking skill and the ability to engage others in conversation. SE is related to being outgoing and extraverted. • Social Sensitivity is verbal decoding skill (listening ability), but also involves one’s knowledge of social rules and conventions. In extremes, SS can lead to social anxiety and withdrawal. • Social Control is a sophisticated social role-playing skill. SC is related to being tactful and “socially competent.” It is what people refer to as “savoir-faire.”

20. References & Resources • Multiple Intelligences and Leadership Riggio, Murphy, & Pirozzolo (Eds.). Lawrence Erlbaum Publishers (www.erlbaum.com) • Social Skills Inventory (www.mindgarden.com) • Leadership Development in Balance, Bruce Avolio, (Erlbaum). • The Future of Leadership Development, Murphy & Riggio (Eds.), Erlbaum • Transformational Leadership (2nd ed.) Bass & Riggio (Erlbaum)