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Immune response against tumors

Immune response against tumors. Tumor antigens. Tumor-speciphic antigens – new antigens which develop in tumor cells. Tumor associated antigens – „normal“ body antigens, but their expression is markedly increased in malignancies (e.g. carcionembryonic antigens).

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Immune response against tumors

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  1. Immune response against tumors

  2. Tumor antigens • Tumor-speciphic antigens – new antigens which develop in tumor cells. • Tumor associated antigens – „normal“ body antigens, but their expression is markedly increased in malignancies (e.g. carcionembryonic antigens).

  3. Tumor antigens in different types of tumors • Virus-induced tumors: Antigens are usually virus-speciphic. • Carcinogen-induced: no inducer-related specificity of antigens. • Spontaneous tumors: antigens are usually very variable.

  4. Immune Response to Tumors • Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (Tc) • Natural killer (NK) cells • Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) • Activated macrophages • Antibody response – minor importance

  5. Protective Mechanisms of Tumors • Low immunogenicity of tumor antigens • Low expression of HLA I molecules • Antigenic modulation • Immunosuppression – prostaglandins, IL-10 and TGF-b like cytokines, stimulation of Ts lymphocytes • Large tumor mass

  6. Immunodiagnostic of tumours • Detection of tumor associated/speciphic antigens • Monocloal gamapathy • Aplha-feto protein • Carcinoembryonic antigens (CEA...) • Speciphic prostatic antigen….. • Immunophenotyping of lymphoid malignancies.

  7. B- cell development

  8. Immunomodulatory treatment of tumors • Cytokines – IL-2 • Interferon alpha • BCG vaccine • Tumor vaccination – mainly using dendritic cells

  9. Clonal selection theory Memorycells Eliminationofautoreactiveclones Bloodandperiperallymphaticorgans expansion antigen death death Effectorcells

  10. Myeloma • Tumor that evolves from plasma cells • Paraprotein in serum • Increase in plasma cells in bone marrow • Kidney failure • Pathologic fractures • Secondary immunodeficiency

  11. Electrophoresis of human serum Normal serum Paraproteins

  12. Electrophoresis - paraprotein

  13. Immunodiffusion-I Gel Agsdiffuseinto gel settingup a concentration gradient Absdiffuseinto gel settingup a concentration gradient

  14. Immunodiffusion -II Gel LargeaggregatesformattheplaceofequimolarconcentrationsofAg & Ab

  15. Imunoelecrophoresis

  16. Imunoelectrophoresis (IgG Kappa praprotein)

  17. Imunofixation(antisérum IgG Lambda)

  18. Paraproteins • Monoglonal immunoglobulins in human serum. • Malignat – in myleoma • Benign – mainly in old people, patients with chronic inflammation, idopatic (MGUS – monoclonal gammapathy of unknown significance) • Detected by imunoelectrophoresis, immunofixation

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