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Asterids – Campanulids

Asterids – Campanulids. Spring 2012. Fig. 8.83. Asterids – Campanulids . “Basal” Asterids Order Cornales Order Ericales Lamiids Order Solanales Order Gentianales Order Lamiales Campanulids Order Apiales *Apiaceae – carrots, parsley Order Dipsacales

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Asterids – Campanulids

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  1. Asterids – Campanulids Spring 2012

  2. Fig. 8.83

  3. Asterids – Campanulids “Basal” Asterids Order Cornales Order Ericales Lamiids Order Solanales Order Gentianales Order Lamiales Campanulids Order Apiales *Apiaceae – carrots, parsley Order Dipsacales Caprifoliaceae – honeysuckle Adoxaceae – viburnum, elderberry Order Asterales Campanulaceae – lobelias, bellflowers *Asteraceae – sunflowers *family required for recognition

  4. Campanulids:Apiales: Apiaceae(The Carrot Family; Umbelliferae) • Nearly cosmopolitan • Usually herbs; aromatic with ethereal oils, terpenoids, saponins and other compounds; leaves alternate with sheathing bases; internodes usually hollow • Diversity: 3,780 species in 434 genera • Flowers: Small, inconspicuous. Sepals 5, distinct, very reduced; petals 5, distinct but developing from a ring-like primordium, usually inflexed; stamens 5, filamentsdistinct; carpels 2, connate, inferior ovary; fruit a schizocarp, the 2 dry segments (mericarps) attached to an entire to deeply forked central stalk (carpophore) • Significant features: Aromatic parts; inflorescences usually involucrate compound umbels (sometimes simple or condensed into a head); styles basally swollen to form a nectar-secreting structure (stylopodium) atop the ovary; seeds with oil glands • Special uses: Herbs and spices, vegetables (carrot, Daucus; celery – Apium; parsnip - Pastinaca), parsley (Petroselinum) • Required taxa: family only

  5. Apiaceae Zizia Daucus Anethum Cicuta

  6. Apiaceae • reduced calyx • inflexed petals • inferior ovary • 2 carpels • stylopodium

  7. Apiaceae schizocarps

  8. Apiaceae: Daucus -bristly annuals or biennials with pinnately dissected leaves -umbels compound -involucre of more or less conspicuous pinnate bracts -flowers all or nearly all perfect, mostly with pedicels -mericarps with 5 slender, bristly 1° ribs and 4 winged 2° ribs involucre

  9. Apiaceae What part of the plant are you eating? anise caraway dill

  10. Apiaceae What part of the plant are you eating?

  11. Apiaceae What part of the plant are you eating? parsley

  12. Apiaceae What part of the plant are you eating? carrot parsnip

  13. Campanulids:Dipsacales: Caprifoliaceae(The Honeysuckle Family) • Widely distributed, especially in northern temperate regions • Herbs, shrubs, small trees and lianas; leaves opposite, simple • Diversity: 810 species in 36 genera (in the broad sense) • Flowers: Sepals 5, connate; petals 5, connate, often with 2 upper and 3 lower lobes or 1 upper and 4 lower lobes; stamens (1-) 4-5, filaments adnate to the corolla; carpels 2-5, connate, style elongate, stigma capitate, inferior ovary; fruit a capsule, berry, drupe, or achene. • Significant features: Flowers bilateral; large, spiny pollen • Special uses: Ornamentals: honeysuckle (Lonicera), Weigela, Symphoricarpus (snowberry) • Family not required

  14. Caprifoliaceae: Lonicera -erect or climbing shrubs -leaves entire -calyx teeth very short -corolla tubular or funnelform, often more or less irregular -fruit a several-seeded berry

  15. Campanulids:Dipsacales: Adoxaceae(The Elderberry family) • Widespread in temperate regions of the N. Hemisphere but also in mountainous regions of S. Hemisphere • Small trees, shrubs or perennial herbs; leaves opposite, simple or trifoliolate or pinnately compound • Diversity: 245 species in 5 genera • Flowers: Bisexual, radial, small; sepals 2-5, connate, reduced; petals 4-5, connate, well developed but with a usually short tube; stamens 5, pollen with a reticulate exine; carpels 3-5, style(s) short; fruit a drupe, with 1-5 pits • Significant features: inflorescences determinate, umbellate, showy • Special uses: ornamentals (Viburnum, Sambucus), also jellies and wines • Family not required

  16. Adoxaceae Adoxa Viburnum Sambucus

  17. Adoxaceae: Viburnum -shrubs or small trees -leaves simple -inflorescences compound cymes -flowers usually white (rarely pink) -corolla spreading, deeply 5-lobed -ovary 3-carpellate, but two abort -fruit a 1-locular, 1-seeded drupe

  18. Adoxaceae: Sambucus -herbaceous, shrubby or arborescent -leaves pinnately compound -inflorescences compound cymes -corolla broadly spreading -fruit a drupe containing 3 pits

  19. Campanulids:Asterales: Campanulaceae(The Bellflower or Lobelia Family) • Widespread in northern temperate and sub-tropical regions;also in the montane tropics • Mostly herbs; occasionally woody; with laticifers/latex and milky sap; leaves usually alternate • Diversity: ca. 2,200 species in 79-84 genera • Flowers: With a hypanthium; sepals 5, connate; petals 5, connate, forming a bell-shaped or bilabiate (or 1-lipped) corolla; stamens usually 5, distinct to distally connate, usually attached to a disk at apex of ovary; carpels 2-5, connate, inferior (or half-inferior) ovary; fruit a loculicidal or poricidal capsule, or berry • Significant features: pollen shed in a tube formed by connate anther parts; style (with pollen collecting hairs near the apex) grows through tube • Special uses: Mostly ornamentals (Campanula, Lobelia, Codonopsis, Platycodon) • Family not required

  20. Campanulaceae pollen plunger Campanula Downingia Lobelia Platycodon

  21. Campanulaceae: Lobelia -herbs -flowers resupinate -calyx 5-parted, with a short tube -corolla with a straight tube split on the apparently upper side, somewhat 2-lipped, the upper lip with 2 lobes, the lower with 3 lobes -stamens free from the corolla, united into a tube by the anthers but also commonly by the filaments -capsule 2-locular, opening at the top

  22. Campanulids:Asterales: Asteraceae(The Sunflower Family – Largest family of angiosperms) • Cosmopolitan • Herbs or shrubs (trees); resin canals or laticifers often present • Diversity: 23,600 species in ca. 1,600 genera • Flowers: Sepals highly modified to form a scaly or hairy pappus; petals 5, connate, forming a tubular, bilabiate, radial or bilateral corolla; anthers fused into a tube around the style (syngenesious); pollen plunger mechanism present; carpels 2, connate, inferiorovary; fruit an achene (cypsela), often with adherent pappus (calyx parts) • Significant features: flowers densely arranged into indeterminate heads (capitula), surrounded by involucral bracts (phyllaries), often with differentiation in inner flowers and outer flowers (disk and ray flowers); various pollination and dispersal syndromes • Special uses: Food plants: sunflower (Helianthus), chicory (Cichorium), artichoke (Cynara), lettuce (Lactuca); many ornamentals (marigolds, zinnias, chrysanthemum, dahlia, etc.). • Family only

  23. The ultimate pseudanthium

  24. Asteraceae Pseudanthium = false flower • disk + ray florets phyllaries Berlandiera

  25. Asteraceae • Floral Terminology: • Head (= capitulum) • Pseudanthium • Involucre • Phyllaries • Floret • Ligulate or ray floret • Disk floret

  26. Asteraceae: ray flower/floret

  27. Asteraceae: disk flower/floret

  28. Three flower arrangements ray flowers only disk flowers only ray and disk flowers

  29. Asteraceae: Taraxacum -perennial or biennial herbs -heads many-flowered, large, solitary on a slender hollow scape, of only ray flowers -pappus feathery, becoming raised on a stalk as the achene matures -involucre reflexed at fruit maturity for wind dispersal

  30. Asteraceae: Helianthus -coarse, stout herbs -involucre of overlapping phyllaries -heads solitary or in a corymb, many-flowered, with both ray and disk flowers, the ray flowers with a yellow corolla -chaff persistent -pappus easily deciduous, of 2 thin scales, sometimes 2 or more smaller scales also present

  31. Asteraceae: Solidago -perennial herbs -stem leaves sessile or nearly so -heads small, mostly in racemes or clusters -heads few- to many-flowered, mostly of ray flowers -ray flowers usually 1-20 per head, pistillate -pappus simple, of equal fine bristles -achenes nearly terete

  32. Senecio -heads in branched clusters -heads of ray flowers -flowers yellow -ca. 1500 species

  33. Asteraceae What part of the plant are you eating? artichoke

  34. Asteraceae What part of the plant are you eating? chicory

  35. Asteraceae What part of the plant are you eating? lettuce endive

  36. Asteraceae What part of the plant are you eating? safflower oil

  37. Asteraceae What part of the plant are you eating? sunflower

  38. Asteraceae Economic plants and products: • Medicinal plants • Camomile (Athemis)

  39. Asteraceae Economic plants and products: • Weedy plants: • Dandelion (Taraxacum)

  40. Asteraceae Economic plants and products: • Weedy plants: • Ragweed (Ambrosia)

  41. Asteraceae Economic plants and products: • Ornamentals: • Chrysanthemum • (“mums;” Chrysanthemum) • Dahlia (Dahlia) • Daisy (Chrysanthemum) • Marigold (Tagetes) • Sunflower (Helianthus) • Zinnia (Zinnia)

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